二氧化碳微生物转化与体外酶催化体系研究进展

doi:10.12211/2096-8280.2023-050

合成生物学 ›› 2023, Vol. 4 ›› Issue (6): 1223-1245.DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-050

二氧化碳微生物转化与体外酶催化体系研究进展

叶伟¹, 李芮¹^,², 姜卫红¹, 顾阳¹

^1.中国科学院分子植物科学卓越创新中心，中国科学院合成生物学重点实验室，上海 200032
^2.河南大学生命科学学院，河南开封 475004

收稿日期:2023-07-11 修回日期:2023-09-18 出版日期:2023-12-31 发布日期:2024-01-19
通讯作者: 顾阳
作者简介:叶伟（1995—），男，实验师。研究方向为微生物代谢调控与代谢工程。E-mail：wye@cemps.ac.cn
李芮（2001—），女，硕士研究生。研究方向为微生物代谢调控与代谢工程。E-mail：lirui21@cemps.ac.cn
顾阳（1977—），男，研究员。研究方向为一碳生物转化。E-mail：ygu@cemps.ac.cn
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2018YFA0901500);上海市科学技术委员会科研计划项目(21DZ1209100);中国科学院洁净能源创新研究院合作基金项目(DNL202013)

Microbial conversion and in vitro enzymatic catalysis for carbon dioxide utilization: a review

Wei YE¹, Rui LI¹^,², Weihong JIANG¹, Yang GU¹

^1.CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences，CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology，Chinese Academy of Sciences，Shanghai 200032，China
^2.College of Life Sciences，Henan University，Kaifeng 475004，Henan，China

Received:2023-07-11 Revised:2023-09-18 Online:2023-12-31 Published:2024-01-19
Contact: Yang GU

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

二氧化碳（CO₂）是主要的温室气体，但同时也是一种储量巨大、廉价、安全且易得的可再生资源。在我国“碳达峰、碳中和”战略目标的驱动下，如何有效减少CO₂排放并转而利用这一重要碳资源已成为当前的研究热点与重点，这同时也加快了CO₂捕集、利用与封存（carbon capture， utilization and storage， CCUS）技术的发展和创新。生物转化是实现CO₂利用的主要路径之一，既能够直接催化、转化CO₂合成目标产物，也可以与化学催化路径相耦合实现对CO₂来源的有机低碳资源（如甲醇、甲酸、乙酸）的有效转化及定向合成，因此有望在国家“双碳”目标的实现中发挥重要作用。本文对近年来CO₂生物转化的研究进展进行了梳理和总结，指出了现有技术路线的特点和不足，并对今后的研究重点和方向提出了建议。总体而言，CO₂生物利用技术目前尚处于起步阶段。基于化能自养细菌的合成气（CO₂/CO）发酵生产乙醇虽已实现工业化，但仍需要进一步优化和提高CO₂的转化利用效率，并获得除乙醇外更多的高值产品，从而提升整个技术路线的经济性。而其他的CO₂生物转化路径，无论是化学-生物发酵耦合还是体外酶催化，目前离大规模应用还有较大距离，需要进一步优化技术体系和降低成本来满足工业化需求。

关键词: 二氧化碳, 有机低碳, 生物利用, 体外酶催化, 高附加值产品

Abstract:

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is the main greenhouse gas, but it also represents an abundant, cost-effective, safe, and easily accessible carbon resource. Driven by the national goals to achieve "carbon peaking and carbon neutrality", there has been an increasing interest in recent years in effective reduction of CO₂emission and utilization of this one-carbon resource, thereby accelerating the development of carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technologies. Biological conversion plays a major role in CCUS. This approach enables the transformation of CO₂ into desired products through either direct biological catalysis or in combination with chemical catalysis (using CO₂-derived organic compounds such as methanol, formic acid, and acetic acid). Thus, biological CO₂ fixation and conversion represents a promising solution for both utilization of greenhouse gas or industrial waste gases and sustainable production of bulk chemicals and fuels. However, the current state of biotransformation technology for CCUS is still in its infancy, leaving ample room for improvement in the efficiency, yield, and cost-effectiveness. In this review, we briefly summarize recent advances in biological utilization of CO₂, highlight the characteristics and limitations of the existing technologies, and also propose future research directions. Our aim is to provide a valuable reference to researchers in this field. Overall, industrial application of CO₂ bioconversion remains in its nascent phase. Although industrial-scale ethanol production through syngas (CO₂/CO) fermentation by chemoautotrophic bacteria has made significant strides, there is still a need for further improvement in the conversion efficiency of CO₂. In addition, gas fermentation should consider more value-added products beyond ethanol to enhance the economic viability of this technology. Other CO₂ bioutilization technologies, such as the coupling of chemical and biological conversion and in vitro enzymatic catalysis, have yet to bridge the gap to large-scale applications. Therefore, further optimization of these technical systems and reduction of production cost are essential to meet the needs of industrial applications.

Key words: carbon dioxide, organic low carbon, biological utilization, in vitro enzymatic catalysis, value-added products

中图分类号:

Q819

叶伟, 李芮, 姜卫红, 顾阳. 二氧化碳微生物转化与体外酶催化体系研究进展[J]. 合成生物学, 2023, 4(6): 1223-1245.

Wei YE, Rui LI, Weihong JIANG, Yang GU. Microbial conversion and in vitro enzymatic catalysis for carbon dioxide utilization: a review[J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2023, 4(6): 1223-1245.

图/表 5

图1 非氧化糖酵解（NOG）途径示意图F6P—6-磷酸果糖；AcP—乙酰磷酸；E4P—4-磷酸赤藓糖

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of the non-oxidative glycolysis (NOG) pathwayF6P—Fructose 6-phosphate; AcP—Acetyl phosphate; E4P—Erythorse 4-phosphate

图2 糖酵解途径耦联Wood-Ljungdahl途径示意图（虚线箭头表示多步反应）

Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of the coupling of glycolysis pathway and Wood-Ljungdahl pathway(Dashed arrows indicate multi-step reactions)

图3 糖酵解途径耦联Rubisco示意图（虚线箭头表示多步反应）3-PGA—3-磷酸甘油酸；PEP—磷酸烯醇丙酮酸；Ru5P—5-磷酸核酮糖；RuBP—1，5-二磷酸核酮糖；PrkA—磷酸核酮糖激酶

Fig. 3 Schematic diagram of the coupling of glycolysis pathway and Rubisco(Dashed arrows indicate multi-step reactions) 3-PGA—3-Phosphoglycerate;PEP—Phosphoenolpyruvate;Ru5P—Ribulose-5-phosphate;RuBP—Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate;PrkA—phosphoribulokinase

图4 甲酸同化途径PEP—磷酸烯醇丙酮酸；GCS—甘氨酸裂解系统（橙色表示丝氨酸途径；蓝色表示Wood-Ljungdahl途径；绿色表示还原性甘氨酸途径。虚线箭头表示多步反应）

Fig. 4 Formate-assimilating pathwaysPEP—Phosphoenolpyruvate;GCS—Glycine cleavage system (Orange represents serine pathway; Blue indicates the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway; Green represents reducing glycine pathway. Dashed arrows indicate multi-step reactions)

图5 体外多酶级联催化CO2生成各种产物（虚线箭头表示多步反应）FateDH—甲酸脱氢酶；FaldDH—甲醛脱氢酶；MDH—甲醇脱氢酶；ADH—乙醇脱氢酶；PyDC—丙酮酸脱羧酶；LDH—乳酸脱氢酶；CPS—氨甲酰磷酸合酶；PPK—多磷酸激酶；CP—氨甲酰磷酸；ATCase—天冬氨酸氨甲酰转移酶；L-CAA—N-氨基甲酰基-L-天冬氨酸；DHOase—二氢乳清酸酶；DHOA—二氢乳清酸；DHOD—二氢乳清酸脱氢酶；OA—乳清酸；GAP—3-磷酸甘油醛；G6P—6-磷酸葡萄糖

Fig. 5 Conversion of CO2 to various products bymulti-enzyme cascade catalysis in vitro(Dashed arrows indicate multi-step reactions) FateDH—Formate dehydrogenase; FaldDH—Formaldehyde dehydrogenase; MDH—Methanol dehydrogenase; ADH—Alcohol dehydrogenase; PyDC—Pyruvate decarboxylase; LDH—Lactate dehydrogenase; CPS—Carbamoyl phosphate synthase; PPK—Polyphosphate kinase; CP—Carbamoyl phosphate; ATCase—Aspartate carbamoyl-transferase; L-CAA—N-Carbamoyl-L-aspartate; DHOase—Dihydroorotase; DHOA—Dihydroorotate; DHOD—Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase; OA—Orotate; GAP—Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate; G6P—Glucose 6-phosphate

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二氧化碳微生物转化与体外酶催化体系研究进展

Microbial conversion and in vitro enzymatic catalysis for carbon dioxide utilization: a review

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