• 特约评述 •
刘宽庆, 张以恒
收稿日期:
2023-08-28
修回日期:
2023-11-01
出版日期:
2023-11-02
通讯作者:
刘宽庆,张以恒
作者简介:
基金资助:
Kuanqing LIU, Yiheng ZHANG
Received:
2023-08-28
Revised:
2023-11-01
Online:
2023-11-02
Contact:
Kuanqing LIU, Yiheng ZHANG
摘要:
木质素是木质纤维素的一个主要成分,按干重计约占15%-30%,全球年产量在200亿吨。木质素是由苯丙烷单元通过多种不同的碳-碳和碳-氧键构成的一类芳香族高聚化合物,是高等陆生植物次生细胞壁的主要成分,赋予了植物的刚性和保护植物体免受微生物的入侵。由于木质素产量巨大、可再生,近些年全球对木质素利用的兴趣持续升高。但是木质素的成分复杂,无论是其降解还是后续的利用都充满了挑战,因此目前多用作燃料。在众多木质素降解利用的方法中,生物法反应条件温和、绿色环保,近些年在绿色可持续发展的大背景下受到广泛关注。本文首先总结了自然界中催化木质素降解的关键酶:漆酶、锰过氧化物酶、木质素过氧化物酶、染料脱色过氧化物酶、多功能过氧化物酶等,并简要介绍了其催化机制。其次,本文总结了生物利用木质素类芳香族化合物过程中涉及的四个主要反应:O-脱甲基、脱羧、羟基化和双加氧酶介导的开环反应,相关的酶和催化机制。最后,本文简要介绍了利用合成生物学手段构建细胞工厂实现木质素高值利用的案例。木质素的生物降解和利用是一个极具潜力的领域,但同时也存在诸多的挑战,例如转化效率低、反应时间长等。但本文作者相信随着合成生物学的迅猛发展,利用高效基因编辑和代谢工程改造提高关键酶的反应速率和代谢通路的效率、提高底盘细胞对有毒芳香族化合物的低抗能力、维持还原力的平衡等将有效提高木质素生物降解利用的效率,其工业应用也许在不久的将来就可能会实现。
中图分类号:
刘宽庆, 张以恒. 木质素的生物降解和生物利用[J]. 合成生物学, DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-062.
Kuanqing LIU, Yiheng ZHANG. Biological degradation and utilization of lignin[J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-062.
真菌 | 信息来源 | 细菌 | 信息来源 |
---|---|---|---|
Aspergillus flavus | [ | Acinetobacter sp. | [ |
Aspergillus terreus | [ | Amycolatopsis sp. | [ |
Bjerkandera | [ | Aneurinibacillus aneurinilyticus | [ |
Ceriporiopsis subvermispora | [ | Arthrobacter globiformis | [ |
Cyathus stercoreus | [ | Bacillus atrophaeus | [ |
Dichomitus squalens | [ | Bacillus pumilus | [ |
Fusarium oxysporum | [ | Cupriavidus necator | [ |
Gloeophyllum trabeum | [ | Enterobacter lignolyticus | [ |
Lepista nuda | [ | Klebsiella pneumoniae | [ |
Penicillium citrinum | [ | Mycobacterium smegmatis | [ |
Perenniporia medulla-panis | [ | Nocardia autotrophica | [ |
Phanerochaete chrysosporium | [ | Oceanimonas doudoroffii | [ |
Phlebia radiata | [ | Ochrobactrum tritici | [ |
Pleurotus eryngii | [ | Pantoea ananatis | [ |
Pleurotus ostreatus | [ | Pseudomonas putida | [ |
Porodaedalea pini | [ | Rhodococcus erythropolis | [ |
Pycnoporus cinnabarinus | [ | Rhodococcus jostii | [ |
Schizophyllum commune | [ | Sphingomonas paucimobilis | [ |
Serpula lacrymans | [ | Streptomyces coelicolor | [ |
Trametes versicolor | [ | Streptomyces viridosporus | [ |
Tramtes hirsute | [ | ||
Wolfiporia cocos | [ |
表1 具有木质素降解能力的微生物列表
Table 1 List of lignin degrading microbes
真菌 | 信息来源 | 细菌 | 信息来源 |
---|---|---|---|
Aspergillus flavus | [ | Acinetobacter sp. | [ |
Aspergillus terreus | [ | Amycolatopsis sp. | [ |
Bjerkandera | [ | Aneurinibacillus aneurinilyticus | [ |
Ceriporiopsis subvermispora | [ | Arthrobacter globiformis | [ |
Cyathus stercoreus | [ | Bacillus atrophaeus | [ |
Dichomitus squalens | [ | Bacillus pumilus | [ |
Fusarium oxysporum | [ | Cupriavidus necator | [ |
Gloeophyllum trabeum | [ | Enterobacter lignolyticus | [ |
Lepista nuda | [ | Klebsiella pneumoniae | [ |
Penicillium citrinum | [ | Mycobacterium smegmatis | [ |
Perenniporia medulla-panis | [ | Nocardia autotrophica | [ |
Phanerochaete chrysosporium | [ | Oceanimonas doudoroffii | [ |
Phlebia radiata | [ | Ochrobactrum tritici | [ |
Pleurotus eryngii | [ | Pantoea ananatis | [ |
Pleurotus ostreatus | [ | Pseudomonas putida | [ |
Porodaedalea pini | [ | Rhodococcus erythropolis | [ |
Pycnoporus cinnabarinus | [ | Rhodococcus jostii | [ |
Schizophyllum commune | [ | Sphingomonas paucimobilis | [ |
Serpula lacrymans | [ | Streptomyces coelicolor | [ |
Trametes versicolor | [ | Streptomyces viridosporus | [ |
Tramtes hirsute | [ | ||
Wolfiporia cocos | [ |
图3 自然界利用木质素类芳香族化合物所涉及的酶反应及其进入微生物代谢途径的示意图(O-脱甲基化、羟基化、脱羧和开环反应主要参考了Erickson 等[12]和Vaillancourt等[53]。木质素类芳香族化合物进入微生物代谢途径展示了丁香酸(syringate)和儿茶酚(catechol)。代谢途径中的酶并非一定来自同一微生物:DesA[54]和LigM[55]来自少动鞘氨醇单胞菌(Sphingomonas paucimobilis SYK-6),Dmts[12]来自Novosphingobium aromaticivorans DSM12444,GalA,B,C,D[56-57]、CatB[58]、CatC[58]、PcaI[59]、PcaJ[59]、以及PcaF [59-61]来自恶臭假单胞菌,CatA[62]来自贝氏不动杆菌(Acinetobacter baylyi),PcaD[63]来自浑浊红球菌(Rhodococcus opacus)1CP,PaaJ [64]来自大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)。)
Fig. 3 Primary reactions for utilizing lignin derived aromatics and schematic of assimilating syringate and catechol into microbial metabolic pathways(Enzymatic reactions are mainly based off Erickson et al.[12] and Vaillancourt et al.[53]. Enzymes for assimilating lignin into microbial metabolic pathways may not come from the same species: DesA[54] and LigM[55] from Sphingomonas paucimobilis SYK-6, Dmts[12] from Novosphingobium aromaticivorans DSM 12444, GalA, B, C, D[56-57], CatB[58], CatC[58], PcaI[59], PcaJ[59], and PcaF[59-61] from Pseudomonas putida, CatA[62] from Acinetobacter baylyi, PcaD[63] from Rhodococcus opacus 1CP, and PaaJ [64] from Escherichia coli.)
底物 | 产物 | 底盘细胞 | 参考文献 |
---|---|---|---|
异丁香酚、丁香酚、香草醇、阿魏酸 | 香兰素 | Bacillus pumilus Escherichia coli | [ |
苯甲酸、4-羟基肉桂酸、木质素 | 丙酮酸、乳酸、琥珀酸、衣康酸、酮己二酸 | Phanerochaete chrysosporium Pseudomonas putida | [ |
香兰素、香草酸、苯甲酸、儿茶酚 | 顺,顺-己二烯二酸 | Arthrobacter sp. Brevibacterium flavum Corynebacterium acetoacidophilum Corynebacterium glutamicum Corynebacterium lilium Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum Pseudomonas sp. Pseudomonas putida Sphingobacterium sp. | [ |
儿茶酚 | 聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯 | Pseudomonas putida | [ |
木质素 | 脂质 | Rhodococcus opacus | [ |
木质素 | 聚羟基烷酯 | Cupriavidus basilensis Pandoraea sp. Pseudomonas putida | [ |
表2 生物法转化木质素(类芳香族化合物)生产高值产品
Table 2 Valorization of lignin and its derived aromatics
底物 | 产物 | 底盘细胞 | 参考文献 |
---|---|---|---|
异丁香酚、丁香酚、香草醇、阿魏酸 | 香兰素 | Bacillus pumilus Escherichia coli | [ |
苯甲酸、4-羟基肉桂酸、木质素 | 丙酮酸、乳酸、琥珀酸、衣康酸、酮己二酸 | Phanerochaete chrysosporium Pseudomonas putida | [ |
香兰素、香草酸、苯甲酸、儿茶酚 | 顺,顺-己二烯二酸 | Arthrobacter sp. Brevibacterium flavum Corynebacterium acetoacidophilum Corynebacterium glutamicum Corynebacterium lilium Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum Pseudomonas sp. Pseudomonas putida Sphingobacterium sp. | [ |
儿茶酚 | 聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯 | Pseudomonas putida | [ |
木质素 | 脂质 | Rhodococcus opacus | [ |
木质素 | 聚羟基烷酯 | Cupriavidus basilensis Pandoraea sp. Pseudomonas putida | [ |
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