重编程微生物底盘用于PHA材料的定制化低成本生物合成

doi:10.12211/2096-8280.2024-024

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

合成生物学为新材料合成提供了无限可能，将为材料学带来变革性影响。环境友好型材料聚羟基脂肪酸酯（PHA）作为合成生物学与材料学深度融合的产物，是微生物胞内合成一类线性高分子聚酯，被认为可部分替代传统化学塑料。PHA含有至少150种单体，其组成、结构及性能的多样性带来了广泛的应用前景，形成了PHA家族或组学。PHA在学术界和产业界已深入研究了30多年，其中个别PHA材料已实现了商业化生产。利用合成生物学和代谢工程重新编程高性能微生物底盘细胞，并控制不同前体底物比例，可实现具有不同结构和性能的PHA材料的定制化合成。下一代工业生物技术是基于嗜盐微生物的节能节水的连续无灭菌开放式工业发酵工艺，能大幅度降低生产成本，更推动了PHA材料的低成本规模化生产。本文就PHA家族的组成以及工程化微生物底盘利用下一代工业生物技术高效低成本地合成多样化的PHA材料方面的进展做一简要综述，将重点介绍PHA家族的单体组成、材料性能和包含塑料、医用、能源、智能材料等领域的PHA应用价值链，以及重编程的假单胞菌和嗜盐单胞菌在PHA定制化低成本合成中的一些工程化技术和成果、产业化应用情况，并针对如何进一步降低生产成本及提高材料性能进行探讨。本文对基于合成生物学的生物材料定制化合成研究有重要参考价值。

关键词: 聚羟基脂肪酸酯, 聚3-羟基丁酸酯, 定制化材料, 嗜盐单胞菌, 下一代工业生物技术, PHA组学

Abstract:

Synthetic biology offers boundless possibilities and revolutionary changes to material fields. One remarkable outcome of interdisciplinary integration of synthetic biology and material science is the development of environmentally friendly polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), which serve as ideal alternatives to petroleum-based plastics. PHAs are a family of linear biopolyesters synthesized by various microorganisms as their intracellular storage materials for energy and carbon sources. With at least 150 various monomers, PHAs exhibit diverse structures, material properties, and applications, collectively known as “PHAomics”. When reprograming microbial genomes via synthetic biology and metabolic engineering, in combination with the feeding of special precursors, tailor-made PHAs with defined structures and varied properties can be synthesized. PHAs has been extensively studied in both academia and industry in the last few decades, leading to the commercialization of some PHAs. Next generation industrial biotechnology (NGIB) based on halophilic Halomonas spp. as chassis has been developed to overcome the limitations of current industrial biotechnology. NGIB offers a long lasting, open and continuous, energy and freshwater-saving bioprocess using low-cost mixed substrates and allows morphology engineering for simplified downstream processing. NGIB facilitates low-cost production of various PHAs in large scale. This review introduces PHAomics and summarizes the diverse properties of PHAs produced via NGIB. It primarily focuses on the composition, structure, and material properties of PHAs, as well as their extensive applications in biodegradable plastics, medical implants, medicine, drug delivery carriers, energy sources, and potential smart materials. Additionally, it covers the strategies and tools for strain engineering and their achievements in the tailor-made biosynthesis of PHA using reprogrammed Pseudomonas spp. and Halomonas spp. Finally, this review discusses strategies on how to further reduce the production cost and improve material properties of PHAs. This review summarizes the progresses on the low-cost customized synthesis of PHA biomaterials by synthetic biology, demonstrating the integration of biology and chemistry.

Key words: PHA, PHB, tailor-made materials, Halomonas, NGIB, PHAomics

中图分类号:

Q819

陈国强, 谭丹. 重编程微生物底盘用于PHA材料的定制化低成本生物合成[J]. 合成生物学, 2024, 5(5): 1211-1226.

Guo-Qiang CHEN, Dan TAN. Reprogramming microbial chassis for low-cost bioprodcution of tailor-made polyhydroxyalkanoates[J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2024, 5(5): 1211-1226.

图/表 6

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聚合物类型 Polymer type	熔融温度（T_m）/℃ Melting temperature/℃	玻璃化转变温度（T_g）/℃ Glass transition temperature/℃	拉伸强度/MPa Tensile strength/MPa	断裂伸长率/% Elongation at break/%
PHB	178	4	43	5
P(3HB-20% 3HV)	145	-1	20	50
P(3HB-17% 3HHx)	120	-2	20	850
P(4HB)	58	-48	104	1000
P(3HB-45% 4HB)	162	-16	3	268
P(3HP)	78.1	-17.9	33.8	497.6
P(7% 3HHx-3HO)	61	-37.8	7.4	346.3
P(10% 3HHx-86% 3HO-4% 3HD)	61	-35	10	300
PP	186	-10	38	400
PET	262	—	56	8300
HDPE	135	—	29	—

聚合物类型 Polymer type	熔融温度（T_m）/℃ Melting temperature/℃	玻璃化转变温度（T_g）/℃ Glass transition temperature/℃	拉伸强度/MPa Tensile strength/MPa	断裂伸长率/% Elongation at break/%
PHB	178	4	43	5
P(3HB-20% 3HV)	145	-1	20	50
P(3HB-17% 3HHx)	120	-2	20	850
P(4HB)	58	-48	104	1000
P(3HB-45% 4HB)	162	-16	3	268
P(3HP)	78.1	-17.9	33.8	497.6
P(7% 3HHx-3HO)	61	-37.8	7.4	346.3
P(10% 3HHx-86% 3HO-4% 3HD)	61	-35	10	300
PP	186	-10	38	400
PET	262	—	56	8300
HDPE	135	—	29	—

生产菌 Producers	PHA类型 PHAs	底物 Substrates	细胞干重/(g/L) Cell dry weight/(g/L)	PHA质量分数/% PHA content/%	最高体积产率/[g/(L·h)] Highest volumetric productivity/[g/(L·h)]	参考文献 References
Escherichia coli	Various PHAs	Glucose	141.6	73	4.63	[64]
Ralstonia eutropha	SCL-PHAs, MCL-PHAs, PHBHHx	Glucose Fatty acid	232	80	3.14	[44]
Aeromonas hydrophila	PHBHHx	Fatty acid	43.3	45.2	1.01	[65]
Pseudomonas spp.	MCL-PHAs	Fatty acid	72.6	51.4	1.91	[50]
Halomonas spp.	SCL-PHAs	Glucose	100	60～92	1.67～3.2	[66]

生产菌 Producers	PHA类型 PHAs	底物 Substrates	细胞干重/(g/L) Cell dry weight/(g/L)	PHA质量分数/% PHA content/%	最高体积产率/[g/(L·h)] Highest volumetric productivity/[g/(L·h)]	参考文献 References
Escherichia coli	Various PHAs	Glucose	141.6	73	4.63	[64]
Ralstonia eutropha	SCL-PHAs, MCL-PHAs, PHBHHx	Glucose Fatty acid	232	80	3.14	[44]
Aeromonas hydrophila	PHBHHx	Fatty acid	43.3	45.2	1.01	[65]
Pseudomonas spp.	MCL-PHAs	Fatty acid	72.6	51.4	1.91	[50]
Halomonas spp.	SCL-PHAs	Glucose	100	60～92	1.67～3.2	[66]

公司 Companies	PHA类型 PHAs Types	技术 Technology	规模/（吨/年） Scale/(t/a)	官方网站 Websites
Go!PHA, The Netherlands	All Types	PHA Global Promotion	Unknown	gopha.org
PhaBuilder, China	All Types	Halomonas spp. (NGIB^①)	1000～10 000	www.phabuilder.com
Medpha, China	P3HB4HB	Halomonas spp. (NGIB^①)	100	www.medpha.com.cn
COFCO, China	PHB	Halomonas spp. (NGIB^①)	1000	www.cofco.com
Bluepha, China	PHBHHx	Ralstonia eutropha and NGIB	1000	www.bluepha.com
TianAn Biopolymer, China	PHBV	Ralstonia eutropha	2000	www.tianan-enmat.com
GreenBio, Tianjin, China	P3HB4HB	Escherichia coli	10 000	www.tjgreenbio.com
Ecomann, Shenzhen, China	P3HB4HB	Escherichia coli	10 000	ecomannbruce.plasway.com
RWDC, Singapore and USA	PHBHHx	Ralstonia eutropha	Unknown	www.rwdc-industries.com
Danimer Scientific, USA	PHBHHx	Ralstonia eutropha	10 000	danimerscientific.com
Full Cycle, USA	PHA^②	non-GMO bacteria	Unknown	fullcyclebioplastics.com
Newlight, USA	PHB	Ocean microbes grown on greenhouse gas	Unknown	www.newlight.com
Metabolix, USA	P3HB4HB	Escherichia coli	5000	IP sold to CJ, Korea
BOSK Bioproducts, Canada	PHA^②	Forest wastes for PHA production	Unknown	www.bosk-bioproducts.com
Genecis, Canada	PHBV	Unknown	Unknown	genecis.co
TerraVerdae Bioworks，Canada	PHA^②	Unknown	Unknown	terraverdae.com
Kaneka, Japan	PHBHHx	Ralstonia eutropha	5000	www.kaneka.be
Nafigate, France	PHB	Toxic waste as substrates	Unknown	www.nafigate.com
CJ, Korea	P3HB4HB	Escherichia coli	Unknown	www.cj.co.kr
Helian Polymers, The Netherlands	PHB/PHBV	non-GMO bacteria	Unknown	helianpolymers.com
Biocycle, Brazil	PHB	Bacillus spp.	100	fapesp.br
Biomer, Germany	PHB	Alcaligenes latus	Unknown	biomer.de
Bioextrax, Sweden	PHA^②	Bioextrax DSP method	Unknown	bioextrax.com
SABIO srl, Italy	PHA^②	Organic wastes for PHA production	Unknown	www.bio-on.it