化学原理驱动的光生物不对称催化研究进展

doi:10.12211/2096-8280.2024-005

合成生物学 ›› 2024, Vol. 5 ›› Issue (5): 1021-1049.DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-005

化学原理驱动的光生物不对称催化研究进展

付雨¹, 钟芳锐²

^1.深圳技术大学药学院，广东深圳 518118
^2.华中科技大学化学与化工学院，生物医用与防护材料湖北省工程研究中心，生物无机化学与药物湖北省重点实验室，湖北武汉 430074

收稿日期:2024-01-08 修回日期:2024-03-14 出版日期:2024-10-31 发布日期:2024-11-20
通讯作者: 钟芳锐
作者简介:付雨（1992—），男，助理教授。研究方向为化学原理驱动的人工酶设计及其催化应用研究。 E-mail：fuyu@sztu.edu.cn
钟芳锐（1986—），男，教授，博士生导师。研究方向为化学原理驱动的人工酶设计与光生物催化及仿生催化绿色合成。 E-mail：chemzfr@hust.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2018YFA0903500)

Recent advances in chemically driven enantioselective photobiocatalysis

Yu FU¹, Fangrui ZHONG²

^1.College of Pharmacy，Shenzhen Technology University，Shenzhen 518118，Guangdong，China
^2.Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica，Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials，School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering，Huazhong University of Science and Technology （HUST），Wuhan 430074，Hubei，China

Received:2024-01-08 Revised:2024-03-14 Online:2024-10-31 Published:2024-11-20
Contact: Fangrui ZHONG

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

手性选择性的调控一直是合成化学的重要研究主题。酶是绿色、高选择性的天然手性催化剂，但在绿色生物合成中的应用受限于进化形成的分子结构和催化机制，光催化通过捕获光子能量实现底物分子的化学键活化，是引发自由基反应的重要策略，融合光化学和酶的光生物催化正成为不对称催化合成的新兴合成工具。利用蛋白质改造、定向进化等先进分子生物学技术，基于光化学的化学原理挖掘辅酶的非天然催化功能，探索光催化剂与酶的协同耦合作用新模式，理性设计人为定义功能的人工光酶，能突破天然酶催化的底物谱和反应类型，有效弥补天然光酶的稀缺性，拓展生物催化的化学边界和合成空间。本文综述了化学原理驱动光生物催化不对称反应的最新研究进展，依据光和酶之间的耦合模式和催化机制，将文献分为外源光催化剂与天然酶耦合、电子供体-受体复合物激发驱动的光酶催化、辅酶直接光氧化还原和光酶能量转移催化四种不同类型，分别详细探讨其分子活化机制和立体化学调控的化学原理。此外，本文也对光生物不对称催化存在的辅酶类型单调、催化效率低等挑战进行了总结，并从天然酶库的深度挖掘、人工光酶类型的拓展、酶的从头设计和全细胞催化等角度展望了未来的发展方向，通过化学和生物融合实现高价值功能分子的绿色生物制造，推动合成化学的可持续发展。

关键词: 光生物催化, 不对称催化, 人工光酶, 定向进化, 手性合成

Abstract:

Stereochemical control is an important long-standing research topic in synthetic chemistry. Enzymes, as green and highly selective natural chiral catalysts, face constrains in synthetic applications due to their evolution-defined molecular structure and catalytic mechanism. Photocatalysis represents an important strategy to initiate free radical reactions by capturing photon energy to activate the chemical bonds of substrate molecules. As an emerging synthetic tool for asymmetric synthesis, photobiocatalysis merges the advantages of photochemistry and enzyme. Unfortunately, photoenzymes are rather rare in nature. Thus far photoenzymes identified are DNA photolyases, light-dependent protochlorophyllide reductases and blue light-responsive algal photodecarboxylases. Utilization of advanced molecular biotechnologies such as protein engineering and directed evolution under the guidance of chemical mechanisms of photocatalysis enables us to explore unknown photocatalytic functions of natural coenzymes, synergize photocatalysts and enzymes, and rationally design artificial photoenzyme with defined functions. The past few years have witnessed remarkable advances in these aspects, significantly surpassing the spectrum of substrates and reactions of enzyme catalysis, compensating for the scarcity of natural photo-enzymes and expanding the chemical boundaries and synthetic space of biocatalysis. This review summarizes the latest research progress in chemically-driven photoenzymatic asymmetric reactions. Based on their merging modes, the review categorizes the integration of light and enzyme into four classes: coupling of exogenous photocatalysts and native enzymes, photobiocatalysis driven by excitation of electron donor-acceptor complex, direct photoredox catalysis by coenzymes, and energy transfer photobiocatalysis. The chemical mechanism of bond activation by photocatalysis and synergistic control of stereoselectivity by enzyme in these photobiocatalytic systems are discussed in detail. In the end of this review, we also delineate the present challenges of asymmetric photobiocatalysis including the monotonicity of native photoactive cofactors and low catalytic efficiency for abiological reactions. This review also proposes future directions from the perspectives of new natural enzyme mining, expansion of artificial photoenzymes, enzyme de novo design, and whole-cell catalysis, which are anticipated to foster green bio-manufacturing of high-value functional molecules through the fusion of chemistry and biology and push forward the sustainable development of synthetic chemistry.

Key words: photobiocatalysis, asymmetric catalysis, artificial photoenzyme, directed evolution, enantioselective synthesis

中图分类号:

付雨, 钟芳锐. 化学原理驱动的光生物不对称催化研究进展[J]. 合成生物学, 2024, 5(5): 1021-1049.

Yu FU, Fangrui ZHONG. Recent advances in chemically driven enantioselective photobiocatalysis[J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2024, 5(5): 1021-1049.

图/表 23

图1 不对称光生物催化的几种主要模式

Fig. 1 The main working modes of asymmetric photobiocatalysis

图2 外源光催化剂与酶催化耦合驱动的不对称生化反应

Fig. 2 Enzyme-photosensitizer coupled systems catalyzed asymmetric biochemical reactions

图3 外源光催化剂和天然酶电子传递介导协同催化

Fig. 3 Synergistic catalysis with exogenous photocatalysts and native enzymes via electron transfer

图4 光生物催化不对称分子内氢胺化反应

Fig. 4 Photobiocatalytic asymmetric intramolecular hydroamination reaction

图5 光催化剂-色氨酸合成酶协同催化构建非天然氨基酸

Fig. 5 Stereoselective unnatural amino acid synthesis by synergistic catalysis with photocatalyst and tryptophan synthetase

图6 光催化剂-苯甲醛裂解酶协同催化自由基偶联反应

Fig. 6 Synergistic catalysis with photocatalyst and benzaldehyde lyase for radical-radical coupling reaction

图7 中间产物传递介导的不对称光生物催化

Fig. 7 Asymmetric photobiocatalysis mediated by intermediate product transfer

图8 EDA催化

Fig. 8 EDA catalysis

图9 卤代羰基化合物的不对称脱卤还原

Fig. 9 Asymmetric reductive dehalogenation of halogenated carbonyl compounds

图10 烯烃的光生物催化不对称氢烷基化

Fig. 10 Asymmetric photobiocatalytic hydroalkylation of alkenes

图11 光酶催化不对称自由基氢烷基化

Fig. 11 Photoenzymatic asymmetric radical hydroalkylation

图12 烯还原酶的EDA催化烯烃不对称烃基-羟基化

Fig. 12 Asymmetric carbohydroxylation of alkenes via EDA catalysis with ene-reductase

图13 光酶EDA催化C（sp3）－C（sp3）不对称亲电试剂交叉偶联

Fig. 13 Asymmetric C(sp3)－C(sp3) cross-electrophile coupling catalyzed by photoenzyme EDA

表1 EDA复合物激发驱动的光酶催化不对称反应总结

Table 1 Summary of photoenzymatic asymmetric reactions driven by EDA complex excitation

反应类型	作者/年份	酶的类型	参考文献
α-卤代羰基化合物的不对称脱卤还原	Emmanuel/2016	烟酰胺依赖型短链脱氢酶LKADH	[65]
α-卤代羰基化合物的不对称脱卤还原	Peng/2022	黄素依赖型环己酮单加氧酶CHMO	[66]
烯烃的不对称氢烷基化	Biegasiewicz/2019	黄素依赖型烯烃还原酶GluER	[67]
	Huang/2020	黄素依赖型烯烃还原酶OYE1	[68]
	Li/2023	黄素依赖型烯烃还原酶OYE1	[69]
	Huang/2022	烟酰胺依赖型酮还原酶KRED	[70]
	Zhu/2023	黄素依赖型烯烃还原酶GluER	[71]
	Duan/2023	黄素依赖型烯烃还原酶OYE1	[72]
	Chen/2023	黄素依赖型烯烃还原酶OYE1	[73]
烯烃的不对称烃基羟基化	Ouyang/2023	黄素依赖型烯烃还原酶MorB	[74]
不对称C(sp³)－C(sp³)亲电试剂偶联	Fu/2022	黄素依赖型烯烃还原酶CsER	[75]
不对称C(sp³)－C(sp³)亲电试剂偶联	Fu/2023	黄素依赖型烯烃还原酶GkOYE	[76]

图14 天然脂肪酸光脱羧酶催化脱羧反应

Fig. 14 Natural fatty acid photodecarboxylase catalyzed decarboxylation

图15 CvFAP催化动力学拆分

Fig. 15 CvFAP catalyzed kinetic resolution

图16 黄素依赖型烯烃还原酶催化还原脱卤环化

Fig. 16 Flavin-dependent ene-reductases catalyzed asymmetric radical hydrodehalogenations

图17 直接激发黄素辅因子催化烯烃的不对称氢化

Fig. 17 Direct excitation of flavin dependent ene-reductases for asymmetric hydrogenation

图18 黄素依赖型烯烃还原酶催化烯烃的不对称自由基氢芳基化反应

Fig. 18 Flavin-dependent ene-reductases catalyzed asymmetric radical hydroarylation of alkenes

图19 能量转移驱动的不对称反应

Fig. 19 Asymmetric reaction driven by energy transfer

图20 人工光敏脱卤金属酶催化芳卤交叉偶联反应

Fig. 20 Cross-coupling of aryl halides catalyzed by artificial photosensitizer metalloenzyme

图21 人工光酶能量转移催化不对称［2+2］环加成反应

Fig. 21 Artificial photoenzymes catalyzed asymmetric [2+2] photocycloaddition

图22 人工光酶催化分子间/分子内不对称［2+2］光环加成（PMP：对甲氧基苯基）

Fig. 22 Artificial photoenzyme catalyzed asymmetric inter/intra-molecular [2+2] photocycloaddition (PMP: p-methoxyphenyl)

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化学原理驱动的光生物不对称催化研究进展

Recent advances in chemically driven enantioselective photobiocatalysis

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