关键词: 细胞趋化, 环境感知, 迁移模式, 分子机制, 工程改造

Abstract:

Chemotaxis and migration of mammalian cells are important for life processes. Many key physiological processes rely on cell migration, from embryonic development to bone and angiogenesis, playing key roles in tissue repair, inflammation, immune response and cancer metastasis. In vivo, cells must be able to sense various cues in their environment and move toward or away from them in order to execute morphogenetic programs, generate immune responses, and repair damaged tissue during development. When this process goes awry, it can have devastating consequences. Failure of cells to migrate in an appropriate manner can lead to developmental and immune deficiencies, chronic wounds that never heal, and diseases such as aggressive metastatic cancer, autoimmune disease, and fibrosis. The mechanism of cell migration is to transmit chemical and physical cues in the environment to the intracellular signaling network through surface receptors and mechanosensing molecules, establishing asymmetric biochemical gradients in cells, and activating downstream cytoskeletal regulators to polarize cells. The whole process involves various extracellular environmental cues, receptors that transmit cues to the cell, second messengers, and cytoskeleton regulators. The discovery of new chemotactic regulatory molecules and more detailed mechanisms will lead to a more accurate understanding of biomolecular composition and regulatory network organization during cell chemotaxis, which will provide more help for optimal design. Therefore, a systematic understanding of the process of cell chemotaxis is of great significance for developing the rational design and engineering capabilities of synthetic biology in mammalian cells. It will be an important direction of mammalian cell engineering to engineer the chemotaxis and migration ability of cells to achieve artificial control of cell migration, which can help us explore the mechanism of development, improve the effect of immunotherapy, cure diseases caused by cell chemotaxis disorders, and speed up the repair of tissue damage. This review will review and introduce the chemotactic migration of mammalian cells from the aspects of cell chemotactic migration, environmental cues, molecular mechanisms, engineering, and clinical applications.

Key words: cell chemotaxis, environmental clues, migration mode, molecular mechanism, engineering transformation