关键词: DNA存储, 多方安全协同, 混沌加密, Merkle-DAG模型, 生物兼容性编码, CRISPR-Cas和Argonaute核酸酶双认证

Abstract:

With the advent of the big data era, traditional silicon-based storage faces bottlenecks such as low density, high energy consumption, and short lifespan. DNA storage technology, leveraging its ultra-high density (theoretically reaching EB/g levels) and millennium-scale stability, has emerged as a disruptive solution. Since 2012, scientists such as George Church and Sri Kosuri start to use DNA as data storage media. To improve the use of DNA data storage, DNA Data Storage Alliance of industry and academic organizations had founded in many countries. As the writing and reading speed of data in DNA is far behind of that in computer, DNA data storage is useful for cold data storage. With the development of DNA sequencing and synthesizing, maybe one day we could use DNA computer. Controlling access to DNA data storage systems is critical. Traditional cybersecurity measures, such as passwords and two-factor authentication, may not be sufficient for protecting genetic information. Utilize Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) to guarantee access control measures more robust. Organizations may mitigate the potential risk of unauthorized use of DNA storage systems by requesting multiple stages of authentication. However, existing research predominantly focuses on single-party scenarios, leaving critical challenges like secure multi-party access, efficient encoding/decoding, and biocompatibility under collaborative frameworks unresolved. Against this backdrop, the National Key R&D Program of China's "Synthetic Biology" key special project funded the Young Scientist Project "Research on Secure Multi-party Access Methods for Synthetic Genetic Information." This project proposes MSP-DNA—a DNA storage system integrating a symmetric-asymmetric hybrid encryption architecture with engineered strain biocompatibility design—pioneering the achievement of dynamic data management and enhanced biosafety in multi-party collaborative scenarios. By establishing a Merkle-DAG-based incremental storage model, the system reduces gene editing operations by over 90%. The developed BO-DNA encoding algorithm significantly suppresses non-specific hybridization errors through chaotic mapping optimization, achieving a storage density of 1.77 bits per nucleotide (nt). Coupled with a CRISPR-Cas/Argonaute dual nuclease authentication platform, the system enables information retrieval at 0.1 fM sensitivity. Results demonstrate substantially improved data stability of the engineered actinomycete chassis under extreme environments. The cryptographic approach effectively resists multiple attacks while exhibiting intrinsic error-correction capabilities against DNA storage artifacts. This research provides key technological foundations for next-generation bio-electronic hybrid storage infrastructure, addressing the co-innovation challenge of long-term "cold data" preservation and real-time "hot data" access.

Key words: DNA storage, Multi-party secure collaboration, Chaotic encryption, Merkle-DAG model, Biocompatible encoding, CRISPR-Cas/Argonaute dual nuclease authentication