Abstract:

Human diseases, especially infectious diseases and cancers, pose unprecedented challenges to public health and the global economy, making the development of preventive and therapeutic vaccines a top priority for addressing these challenges. Among all vaccines, vector vaccines that activate T cell immune responses have significant advantages. This article reviews the immunological principles of vector vaccines, strategies for designing T cell vector vaccines, and their research advances. T cells, upon infection, can differentiate into various effector T cell subsets that play a crucial role in clearing pathogens. Research on the functions and mechanisms of effector T cells is essential for designing vaccines that can elicit T cell-mediated immunity. Currently, the development of vaccines for many viruses such as HIV and HCMV as well as cancers focuses on T cell-based vaccines. Various vectors, including viral vectors, bacterial vectors, and nucleic acid vectors, exhibit excellent performance on antigen delivery capability, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy. In addition, this article summarizes strategies for designing T-cell vector vaccines, including identifying appropriate antigen presentation pathways and vector delivery routes, ensuring biological safety, selecting suitable vaccine vectors, and evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of various vector vaccines. Notably, mRNA vaccines have played a crucial role in addressing the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Technological advancements in vector vaccines are expected to accelerate the development of novel vaccines and enhance preparedness for emerging public health events. This review provides insights for the design of vector vaccines that are both safe and efficient. With advancements in vector vaccine technology and the progress of various interdisciplinary approaches, the next generation of vaccine development will continue to drive the evolution of vaccinology. {L-End}

Key words: T cells, vaccine carrier, immunization, antigen presentation, infectious diseases, tumor

摘要：

人类疾病，特别是传染病和癌症，对公共卫生安全和全球经济构成前所未有的挑战。预防和治疗性疫苗的开发是应对人类疾病的优先对策。本文综述了疫苗载体的免疫学原理、T细胞载体疫苗设计策略及疫苗研究进展，为新型疫苗的设计提供新的思路。T细胞可以在机体发生感染后分化成不同的效应T细胞群，它们可以起到清除病原体的作用，关于效应T细胞功能和机制的研究对于设计能够引发基于T细胞免疫的疫苗至关重要。目前很多病毒（例如HIV、HCMV感染）和肿瘤疫苗的研发都侧重于T细胞类疫苗，在所有疫苗种类中，激活T细胞免疫反应的载体疫苗具有显著优势。许多来源的载体，包括病毒载体、细菌载体和核酸载体，它们在抗原提呈能力、免疫原性和保护效力方面都有良好的表现。此外，还总结了T细胞载体疫苗设计的策略，包括确定适当的抗原提呈途径和载体递送途径、确保生物安全性、如何选择合适的疫苗的载体、各种载体疫苗的优缺点等，尤其是mRNA疫苗在应对新冠疫情中发挥了重要的作用。疫苗载体的技术进步将会加速新型疫苗的研发，并且能促进人们对突发公共卫生事件的应对。

关键词: T细胞, 疫苗载体, 免疫, 抗原提呈, 传染病, 肿瘤