关键词: 植物源疫苗, 病毒样颗粒, 分子生物学, 免疫原性, 瞬时表达系统

Abstract:

Plant-derived vaccines represent an innovative vaccine production technology that employs plants as bioreactors to express specific antigenic proteins within the plant system. This technology has demonstrated tremendous potential and application prospects in the field of vaccines in recent years. Compared to traditional vaccine production methods, plant-derived vaccines offer distinct advantages in cost control, scalability, and safety. Firstly, the production cost of plant-derived vaccines is relatively low. This is due to the short growth cycle of plants, their strong reproductive capacity, and the lack of need for complex bioreactors or expensive culture media. This makes the large-scale production of vaccines more economical and efficient. Secondly, plant-derived vaccines are easy to scale up. Due to the renewable nature and rapid growth characteristics of plants, they can quickly respond to large-scale vaccine demands, which is particularly important in dealing with public health emergencies. In addition, there is no risk of contamination in the production process of plant-derived vaccines that is typically associated with traditional vaccine production. Plant cells possess inherent biosafety, which can effectively avoid contamination from animal-derived pathogens and endotoxins, thus ensuring the safety of the vaccine. Plants can perform post-translational modifications on foreign proteins, a characteristic that is conducive to the formation of virus-like particles (VLPs). VLPs are non-infectious particles that structurally resemble viruses; they can mimic the immunogenicity of viruses, stimulating the body to produce an immune response. However, they lack the ability to replicate, which makes them safer. This article first introduces the basic concept of plant-derived vaccines by using plants as vectors to express antigenic proteins. Then, the article emphasizes the important role of plant-derived vaccines in the field of global public health and epidemic prevention, especially in providing rapid, economical, and safe vaccines. The article then details the development history of plant-derived vaccines, from early exploration to modern commercial applications. At the same time, the article provides a comprehensive description of the different classifications, expression platforms, and expression systems of plant-derived vaccines, covering various technological pathways from genetically engineered plants to plant viral expression vectors. The analysis focused on how vaccine optimization and application enhance the expression and immunogenicity of antigenic proteins through gene editing and protein engineering, as well as how to improve the efficacy and stability of vaccines by optimizing their formulation and adjuvants. Furthermore, current cases of developed plant-derived vaccines were analyzed, especially their application advantages in addressing human and animal diseases. These cases demonstrate the potential of plant-derived vaccines in rapidly responding to epidemics, reducing costs, and improving accessibility. Finally, the article discusses and summarizes the development progress of plant-derived vaccines domestically and internationally, providing references and insights for the research and application of plant-derived vaccines in our country. Through these analyses, the article aims to promote the development of plant-derived vaccine technology and contribute to global public health security. {L-End}

Key words: plant-derived vaccines, virus-like particles, molecular biology, immunogenicity, transient expression system