现代生物技术推动塑料中聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯绿色降解的研究进展

doi:10.12211/2096-8280.2021-089

合成生物学 ›› 2022, Vol. 3 ›› Issue (4): 763-780.DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2021-089

现代生物技术推动塑料中聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯绿色降解的研究进展

李磊¹^,², 高鑫², 齐宏斌², 李超², 路福平¹^,²^,³, 毛淑红¹^,²^,³, 秦慧民¹^,²^,³

^1.工业发酵微生物教育部重点实验室，天津 300457
^2.天津科技大学生物工程学院，天津 300457
^3.工业酶国家工程实验室，天津 300457

收稿日期:2021-09-01 修回日期:2022-02-17 出版日期:2022-08-31 发布日期:2022-09-08
通讯作者: 毛淑红,秦慧民
作者简介:李磊（1996—），男，硕士研究生。研究方向为酶工程与合成生物学。E-mail：lilei20190520@163.com
毛淑红（1977—），女，博士，教授。研究方向为微生物催化转化。E-mail：shuhongmao@tust.edu.cn
秦慧民（1980—），男，博士，教授。研究方向为酶制剂的结构与功能研究。E-mail：huiminqin@tust.edu.cn
基金资助:
天津市自然科学基金(18JCYBJC9140)

Research progress of modern biotechnology-promoted green degradation of polyethylene terephthalate in plastics

Lei LI¹^,², Xin GAO², Hongbin QI², Chao LI², Fuping LU¹^,²^,³, Shuhong MAO¹^,²^,³, Huimin QIN¹^,²^,³

^1.Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education，Tianjin 300457，China
^2.College of Biotechnology，Tianjin University of Science and Technology，Tianjin 300457，China
^3.National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes，Tianjin 300457，China

Received:2021-09-01 Revised:2022-02-17 Online:2022-08-31 Published:2022-09-08
Contact: Shuhong MAO, Huimin QIN

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯（PET）因其耐用、可塑性强、安全性好等特点而广泛应用于食品包装和服装产业等领域，同时由于疏水性强、结晶度高等原因难以被微生物或酶降解利用，造成PET废弃物的不断积累，带来严重的环境和社会问题。部分高质量的PET净片可以再用到食品包装中，但绝大多数废弃PET通过常规的机械回收方法被降级利用，不能做到绿色高效回收。因此，解决“白色污染”，探索安全高效的生物降解方法成为急需攻克的重大研究课题。本文以石油基塑料的现状为背景，以PET的生物降解为切入点，综述了PET的生物降解研究现状，以宏基因组学、蛋白质组学为基础，重点总结了微生物和新酶基因的挖掘方法，并通过结构分析，以追溯不同来源的PET降解酶特性，利用定向改造和智能计算策略提高酶特性以及PET的降解效率。在改造降解酶的同时，探索对PET原材料的可降解性改良，提出了“双向改造”的思想。塑料降解酶新酶挖掘与工程改造、多酶催化体系开发以及塑料的可持续性能的改良等领域将成为塑料绿色降解的主流趋势，其为探索PET高效生物降解提供了新思路。

关键词: 聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯, 基因挖掘方法, PET生物降解, 定向改造, 智能计算策略

Abstract:

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) has been widely used in the food packaging and clothing industries due to its good durability, high plasticity, and safety. However, PET is difficult to be degraded by microorganisms or enzymes due to its high hydrophobicity and high crystallinity, which has led to severe environmental and social problems globally. Some of the high-quality PET can be reused in food packaging, but the majority of waste PET is downgraded through conventional mechanical recycling ways and cannot be recycled in a green and efficient manner. The proportion of recycled plastics that relies on recycling and green degradation is decreasing year by year, and only a small percentage of plastic can be recycled, accounting for 17.6% of annual plastic use. Thus, exploring a safe and efficient biodegradation for plastic to solve "white pollution" has become a major research issue that needs to be pursued urgently. Herein, this paper reviews the current status of research on PET biodegradation, focusing on the mining methods of microbes and genes encoding novel enzyme based on macrogenomics and proteomics. The characteristics and mechanism of plastic-degrading enzymes from different sources were elucidated through an analysis of the crystal structures. Importantly, the activity and degradation efficiency of the plastic-degrading enzymes were improved by directed evolution and smart-computing strategy. This provides insights into the structural modification of plastic-degrading enzymes and introduces some frontier research fields. The idea of "two-direction modification" is proposed to improve the degradability for PET raw materials using modifying degradation enzymes. Furthermore, new enzymes mining and modification for plastic degradation, the development of multi-enzyme catalytic system and the improvement of sustainable performance of plastic will significantly stimulate the new ideas for exploring efficient biodegradation of PET in the future.

Key words: polyethylene terephthalate, gene mining methods, biodegradation, directed modification, smart-computing strategy

中图分类号:

Q816

李磊, 高鑫, 齐宏斌, 李超, 路福平, 毛淑红, 秦慧民. 现代生物技术推动塑料中聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯绿色降解的研究进展[J]. 合成生物学, 2022, 3(4): 763-780.

Lei LI, Xin GAO, Hongbin QI, Chao LI, Fuping LU, Shuhong MAO, Huimin QIN. Research progress of modern biotechnology-promoted green degradation of polyethylene terephthalate in plastics[J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2022, 3(4): 763-780.

图/表 7

图1 2020年中国塑料生产及处理情况(The data in the figure come from the National Bureau of Statistics. In 2020, the output of plastic products in China was 76.032 million tons, and the consumption of plastics was 90.877 million tons. Compared with 2019, this was a 12.2% increase. Plastic waste was 38.4 million tons. Green recycling accounts for 17.6% of the total waste)

Fig. 1 Plastic production and processing in China in 2020

图2 塑料降解酶筛选与挖掘方法

Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of screening and mining methods for plastic-degrading enzymes

表1 PET降解酶研究进展

Tab. 1 Research progress of PET degrading enzymes

降解塑料类型	降解酶来源	降解酶名称	最佳降解温度/℃	文献
PET	Fosmid基因文库	LCC	50	[19]
	Sphagnummagellanicum	EstC7	50	[25]
	Thermobifida alba AHK119	Est119	45～55	[43]
	T.alba DSM43185	Tha_Cut1	88.7	[44]
	T.cellulosilytica DSM44535	Tc_Cut1	50	[45]
	Humicola insolens	HiC	70	[46]
	Sminthurusviridis AHK190	Cut190	65	[47]
	T. fusca DSM43793	TfH	55	[49]
	T. halotolerans DSM44931	Thh_Est	50	[50]
	T.insolens	pulA	80	[51]
	Thermomyces lanuginosus	TLL	37	[53]
	Acidovorax delafieldii BS-3	PETase	30	[55]
	Ideonella sakaiensis 201-F6	IsPETase	30	[56]
	T.fusca KW3	TfCut2	70	[95]

图3 微生物降解PET过程

Fig. 3 Process of microbial PET degradation

表2 PET降解微生物研究进展

Tab. 2 Research progress of microorganisms in PET degradation

降解塑料类型	微生物名称	最适降解温度/℃	文献
PET	Aspergillusoryzae CCUG33812	30	[54]
	Clostridium botulinum ATCC3502	50	[61]
	Pseudomonas aestusnigri VGXO14^T	30	[65]
	Fusarium oxysporum	30	[66]
	Fusarium solani	30	[67]
	Streptomyces scabies	37	[71]
	Penicillium citrinum	30	[72]
	Trichoderma reesei	37	[73]
	Burkholderiacepacia	37	[74]
	Candida antarctica	60	[80]

图4 PET降解酶基于结构的改造

Fig. 4 Structure-based modification of PET degrading enzyme

图5 智能计算策略

Fig. 5 Schematic diagram of smart-computing strategy

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现代生物技术推动塑料中聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯绿色降解的研究进展

Research progress of modern biotechnology-promoted green degradation of polyethylene terephthalate in plastics

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