酶促生物电催化系统的设计构建与强化

doi:10.12211/2096-8280.2022-018

合成生物学 ›› 2022, Vol. 3 ›› Issue (5): 1006-1030.DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2022-018

酶促生物电催化系统的设计构建与强化

崔馨予¹^,², 吴冉冉¹, 王园明¹, 朱之光¹^,²^,³

^1.中国科学院天津工业生物技术研究所，天津　300308
^2.中国科学院大学，北京　100049
^3.国家合成生物技术创新中心，天津　300308

收稿日期:2022-04-01 修回日期:2022-06-22 出版日期:2022-10-31 发布日期:2022-11-16
通讯作者: 朱之光
作者简介:崔馨予（1996—），女，博士研究生。研究方向为氧化还原酶改造、生物电子传递。E-mail：cuixy@tib.cas.cn
吴冉冉（1988—），女，副研究员。研究方向为生物燃料电池、生物电化学合成、微生物电化学。E-mail：wu_rr@tib.cas.cn
朱之光（1985—），男，研究员，博士生导师。研究方向为体外合成生物学、生物电催化、生物燃料电池、生物电化学合成、生物传感、酶工程。E-mail：zhu_zg@tib.cas.cn
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2021YFA0910400);国家自然科学基金(21878324)

Construction and enhancement of enzymatic bioelectrocatalytic systems

Xinyu CUI¹^,², Ranran WU¹, Yuanming WANG¹, Zhiguang ZHU¹^,²^,³

^1.Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology，Chinese Academy of Sciences，Tianjin 300308，China
^2.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences，Beijing 100049，China
^3.National Synthesis of Biotechnology Innovation Center，Tianjin 300308，China

Received:2022-04-01 Revised:2022-06-22 Online:2022-10-31 Published:2022-11-16
Contact: Zhiguang ZHU

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

酶促生物电催化是一种绿色高效的催化技术，充分结合了生物酶催化和电催化的优点，可实现化学能和电能的相互转换，目前已在生物发电、电能存储、CO₂固定、传感与监测等方面受到广泛关注。本综述分析了酶促生物电催化的发展现状与当前面临的挑战，从合成生物学的角度详细介绍了氧化还原酶的结构功能和酶促生物电催化系统的基本要素，探讨了酶的改造，包括定向进化、理性设计和引入非天然组件等，以及通过构建多酶复合体模块和强化生物-非生物界面电子传递等方法以提高系统性能。围绕电子传递和能量转化效率等问题，阐述了酶的定向固定方法、电子传递机制以及电极材料设计原则。此外，总结了酶促生物电催化技术在酶燃料电池、生物传感器、化学品酶电合成等合成生物学相关领域的前沿应用。最后，本文展望了未来前景，并提出了从设计改造电活性生物元件、拓宽反应电势、放大反应系统等方面进一步提升酶促生物电催化系统的性能和可应用性。

关键词: 酶促生物电催化, 氧化还原酶, 酶工程, 电子传递, 酶电极

Abstract:

Enzymatic bioelectrocatalysis, as a green and efficient catalytic technology, combines the advantages of enzymatic catalysis and electrocatalysis to enable the interconversion between chemical energy and electrical energy. It has received extensive attention in the fields of bioelectricity generation, electric energy storage, CO₂ fixation, biosensing and monitoring, and so on. This review analyzes the recent developments and challenges of enzymatic bioelectrocatalysis. From the perspective of synthetic biology, the structure and function of oxidoreductases which catalyze many biological electron transfer reactions with high speed, selectivity and specificity, and the basic elements of enzymatic bioelectrocatalytic systems are introduced in detail. Strategies of enzyme engineering are discussed, including directed evolution, rational design, and the introduction of non-natural structural components. In addition, the construction of multienzyme complex modules and the enhancement of electron transfer at the biology-abiotic interface, both of which can improve the system performance, are presented. The issues of electron transfer and energy conversion efficiency are further highlighted, and the oriented immobilization of enzymes, electron transfer mechanism, and electrode material modification are discussed. Furthermore, some recent applications of enzymatic bioelectrocatalysis in the frontier fields of synthetic biology are summarized, including enzymatic fuel cells, biosensors, and enzymatic electrosynthesis. Taken together, this review proposes the future directions of engineering bioelectroactive parts, broadening reaction redox potentials, and scaling up reaction systems, in order to further boost the performance of enzymatic bioelectrocatalysis as well as increase its applicability.

Key words: enzymatic bioelectrocatalysis, oxidoreductase, enzyme engineering, electron transfer, enzymatic electrode

中图分类号:

Q819

崔馨予, 吴冉冉, 王园明, 朱之光. 酶促生物电催化系统的设计构建与强化[J]. 合成生物学, 2022, 3(5): 1006-1030.

Xinyu CUI, Ranran WU, Yuanming WANG, Zhiguang ZHU. Construction and enhancement of enzymatic bioelectrocatalytic systems[J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2022, 3(5): 1006-1030.

图/表 8

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策略	氧化还原酶	氧化还原中心	酶元件的构建	改造结果	文献
设计酶元件提高其催化性能
定向进化	GOx	FAD	利用中介体二茂铁甲醇的筛选系统在96孔板中进行筛选	酶活性增加1.9倍，电流密度提高23%	[29]
	CueO	T1 Cu	利用多通道恒电位仪搭载多电极阵列评估氧还原过电位	降低了阴极过电位，提高1.72倍电池输出功率	[30]
	G6PDH	NADH	多轮随机诱变与双层平板筛选相结合	低pH下催化效率提高42倍，最大功率密度0.5 mW/cm²	[31]
定点突变	6PGDH	NADP	改造与辅酶结合相关位点	辅酶偏好性从NADP⁺转变为NAD⁺，并实现1.75 mW/cm²的高功率密度	[32]
	MADH	TTQ	将Phe55替换为更小位阻的丙氨酸	K_m为野生型的1/400	[33]
	Cyt C	heme	引入带正电荷的赖氨酸	对超氧化物的灵敏度提高40%	[34]
	LOx	FMN	设计阻断氧通路的突变位点	O₂干扰减少30%，传感器检测范围扩大10倍	[35]
	GDH	FAD	预测与葡萄糖底物结合的残基构建双突变体	底物特异性提高30倍	[36]
UAA	Mb	heme	非天然氨基酸MtTyr替代Tyr-Cys辅助因子	还原羟胺的速率提高3倍	[37]
	P450	heme	用人工Ir代替了细胞色素P450血红素基团中的Fe	实现卡宾反应形成C—C，催化C—H功能化	[38]
	Mb	heme	人工OmeY的掺入复制了细胞色素c氧化酶的重要特征	降低了还原电位，提高2倍的周转率	[39]
设计酶元件的定向固定
引入接头	GOx	NADH	C端添加精氨酸标记形成SAM	将传感器检测范围扩大为0.01～100 mmol/L	[29]
	GOx	NADH	C端与聚赖氨酸亲水链相连	将更多的中介体锚定在酶上，电流增加了2倍	[29]
	HRP	heme	C端添加了His-tag	实现DET，电子传递速率提高60%	[40]
	GDH	FAD	N端或C端添加金结合肽	实现DET，催化电流高达249 μA	[41]
定点突变	BOD	Cu	特定位置引入的半胱氨酸残基耦联形成新共价键	形成巯基，加快DET速率	[42]
定点突变	GOx	FAD	活性位点的附近突变带负电氨基酸	增加Os和酶之间的相互作用，电流增加2.4倍	[29]
化学修饰	NiFe氢酶	Fe-S	将4-甲基苄胺修饰在氨基化MWCNT上	酶空间构象改变并且在电极上重新定向固定	[43]
	CDH	FAD heme	根据静电作用构建带电的硫醇SAM	亲水性带电的硫醇SAM电流密度增加两倍	[44]
	GDH	FAD	在金电极上修饰SWCNT	实现DET和传感器110 μA·L/(mmol·cm²)的高灵敏度	[45]
Apo-酶	GOx	FAD	PQQ作为中继单元，用配体与FAD连接作用	减少干扰物的影响，施加电位从-0.4 V减少到-0.6 V	[46]
改造酶元件以强化界面电子传递
截短	NiFe氢酶	Fe-S	4亚基截短成2亚基	缩短电极与酶的距离，电子转移速率提高约20倍	[47]
截短	GDH	FAD	构建仅含有电子转移功能trβ亚基	实现DET	[48]
去糖基化	CDH	FAD heme	利用糖苷酶脱糖基化	酶尺寸的减小促进DET且电流密度增加60%	[49]
去糖基化	GOx	FAD	黑曲霉表达纯化几乎完全脱糖基化	电流响应从0提高到235 μA/cm²	[29]
辅酶再生	固氮酶	MoFe	通过ω-TA与DI升级N₂固定系统	实现NADH再生，电合成手性胺浓度达到0.54 mmol/L	[50]
辅酶再生	FDH	NADH	与NAD构建交联体聚合物	促进电子穿梭，固定CO₂法拉第效率达到22.8%	[51]

策略	氧化还原酶	氧化还原中心	酶元件的构建	改造结果	文献
设计酶元件提高其催化性能
定向进化	GOx	FAD	利用中介体二茂铁甲醇的筛选系统在96孔板中进行筛选	酶活性增加1.9倍，电流密度提高23%	[29]
	CueO	T1 Cu	利用多通道恒电位仪搭载多电极阵列评估氧还原过电位	降低了阴极过电位，提高1.72倍电池输出功率	[30]
	G6PDH	NADH	多轮随机诱变与双层平板筛选相结合	低pH下催化效率提高42倍，最大功率密度0.5 mW/cm²	[31]
定点突变	6PGDH	NADP	改造与辅酶结合相关位点	辅酶偏好性从NADP⁺转变为NAD⁺，并实现1.75 mW/cm²的高功率密度	[32]
	MADH	TTQ	将Phe55替换为更小位阻的丙氨酸	K_m为野生型的1/400	[33]
	Cyt C	heme	引入带正电荷的赖氨酸	对超氧化物的灵敏度提高40%	[34]
	LOx	FMN	设计阻断氧通路的突变位点	O₂干扰减少30%，传感器检测范围扩大10倍	[35]
	GDH	FAD	预测与葡萄糖底物结合的残基构建双突变体	底物特异性提高30倍	[36]
UAA	Mb	heme	非天然氨基酸MtTyr替代Tyr-Cys辅助因子	还原羟胺的速率提高3倍	[37]
	P450	heme	用人工Ir代替了细胞色素P450血红素基团中的Fe	实现卡宾反应形成C—C，催化C—H功能化	[38]
	Mb	heme	人工OmeY的掺入复制了细胞色素c氧化酶的重要特征	降低了还原电位，提高2倍的周转率	[39]
设计酶元件的定向固定
引入接头	GOx	NADH	C端添加精氨酸标记形成SAM	将传感器检测范围扩大为0.01～100 mmol/L	[29]
	GOx	NADH	C端与聚赖氨酸亲水链相连	将更多的中介体锚定在酶上，电流增加了2倍	[29]
	HRP	heme	C端添加了His-tag	实现DET，电子传递速率提高60%	[40]
	GDH	FAD	N端或C端添加金结合肽	实现DET，催化电流高达249 μA	[41]
定点突变	BOD	Cu	特定位置引入的半胱氨酸残基耦联形成新共价键	形成巯基，加快DET速率	[42]
定点突变	GOx	FAD	活性位点的附近突变带负电氨基酸	增加Os和酶之间的相互作用，电流增加2.4倍	[29]
化学修饰	NiFe氢酶	Fe-S	将4-甲基苄胺修饰在氨基化MWCNT上	酶空间构象改变并且在电极上重新定向固定	[43]
	CDH	FAD heme	根据静电作用构建带电的硫醇SAM	亲水性带电的硫醇SAM电流密度增加两倍	[44]
	GDH	FAD	在金电极上修饰SWCNT	实现DET和传感器110 μA·L/(mmol·cm²)的高灵敏度	[45]
Apo-酶	GOx	FAD	PQQ作为中继单元，用配体与FAD连接作用	减少干扰物的影响，施加电位从-0.4 V减少到-0.6 V	[46]
改造酶元件以强化界面电子传递
截短	NiFe氢酶	Fe-S	4亚基截短成2亚基	缩短电极与酶的距离，电子转移速率提高约20倍	[47]
截短	GDH	FAD	构建仅含有电子转移功能trβ亚基	实现DET	[48]
去糖基化	CDH	FAD heme	利用糖苷酶脱糖基化	酶尺寸的减小促进DET且电流密度增加60%	[49]
去糖基化	GOx	FAD	黑曲霉表达纯化几乎完全脱糖基化	电流响应从0提高到235 μA/cm²	[29]
辅酶再生	固氮酶	MoFe	通过ω-TA与DI升级N₂固定系统	实现NADH再生，电合成手性胺浓度达到0.54 mmol/L	[50]
辅酶再生	FDH	NADH	与NAD构建交联体聚合物	促进电子穿梭，固定CO₂法拉第效率达到22.8%	[51]

应用领域	主要策略	主要效果	文献
酶生物燃料电池
MET型	基于氢酶/MV/为阳极、固氮酶/MV为阴极的H₂/N₂燃料电池	最大电流和功率密度分别为48.0 μA/cm²和1.50 μW/cm²，OCP为0.23 V	[134]
	基于氢酶/MV/Nafion为阳极、ADO/TBO/Nafion为阴极的H₂/庚醛燃料电池	最大电流密度和功率密度为25 μA/cm²和4.7 μW/cm²，OCP最高达到0.6 V	[134]
	基于氢酶/MV/C为阳极、BOD/Nafion/C为阴极的H₂/O₂燃料电池	最大功率密度为3.6×10³μW/cm²，OCP的值为1.13 V。	[134]
	基于氢酶/MV/GCE为阳极、BOD/C为阴极的H₂/O₂燃料电池	最大电流密度和功率密度为6.3×10³ μA/cm²和4.4 ×10³μW/cm²，OCP最高达到1.14 V	[134]
	基于FDH/Cc-PAA/C为阳极的甲酸盐/O₂燃料电池	最大电流密度62 μA/cm²，OCP为 1.28 V	[135]
	FDH/BPV-LPEI/C为阳极、Lc/MWCNT/Nafion/C为阴极的HCOO^-/O₂酶燃料电池	最大电流和功率密度为17 μA/cm²和18 μW/cm²，OCP为1.28 V	[136]
	FDH/MV/聚乙二醇/GCE为阳极、BOD/ABTS/GCE为阴极的HCOO^-/O₂燃料电池	电流密度达到2×10⁴ μA/cm²，功率密度为1.2×10³ μW/cm²，OCP为0.78 V	[136]
	基于多酶/CNT/AQDS/C阳极、Pt为阴极的多糖燃料电池酶	最大功率密度为108 μW/cm²，电流密度为 2.56×10³ μA/cm²，法拉第效率为95%	[136]
DET型	基于Lc/CNT/Ta高性能生物阴极组成的O₂燃料电池	电流密度840 μA/cm²，在168 h的使用寿命期间能保持75%的电流	[137]
	GOx/对苯二酚/SWNT/Au为阴极、Lc/SWNT/Au为阳极的葡萄糖/O₂燃料电池	电流密度790 μA/cm²，功率密度240 μW/cm²，OCP为0.52 V，在低pH下可有效工作	[137]
	基于Py₂Ox/CAT/GC为阳极、Py₂Ox/HRP/CNT-CMF-CC为阴极的H₂/葡萄糖燃料电池	功率密度530 μW/cm²，OCP为1.15 V，在10 h的使用寿命期间保留50%的功率	[137]
	基于GDH/PANI/AuNP/Au为作用在人体血液中的高效生物阳极的葡萄糖燃料电池	电流密度1×10³ μA/cm²，在10 h的使用寿命期间能保持79%的电流	[137]
	GOx/NQ/MWNT为阳极、HRP/MWNT为阴极的葡萄糖/H₂O₂燃料电池	功率密度700 μW/cm²，OCP为0.6 V	[137]
	基于GOx/TPA/PEI/CNT为阳极、Pt/C为阴极的葡萄糖/O₂燃料电池	电流密度78.6 μA/cm²，功率密度1.62×10³ μW/cm²，在672 h的使用寿命期间能保持75.8%的电流	[137]
	基于GOx/PANI/GC为阳极、Lc/PANI/GC为阴极的葡萄糖/O₂燃料电池	功率密度1.12×10³ μW/cm²，OCP为0.78 V，在336 h的使用寿命期间能保持82.9%的功率	[137]
	基于FAD-GDH/Th-AuNP/CNT/GC为阳极、BOD/GR/CNT/GC为阴极的葡萄糖/O₂燃料电池	电流密度925 μA/cm²，功率密度269 μW/cm²，OCP为0.71 V	[137]
	基于GOx/Naph-SH/AgNP/PEI/CNT为阳极、Pt/C为阴极的葡萄糖/O₂燃料电池	电流密度1.46×10³ μA/cm²，在840 h的使用寿命期间能保持83%的电流	[137]
	基于GOx/3D石墨烯为阳极的葡萄糖/O₂燃料电池	功率密度164 μW/cm²，OCP为0.44 V，在168 h的使用寿命期间能保持60%的功率	[137]
	基于GOx/PVP-RPPy/NiF为阳极、Lc/PVP-RPPy/NiF为阴极的葡萄糖/O₂燃料电池	功率密度350 μW/cm²，OCP为1.16 V，在336 h的使用寿命期间能保持82%的功率	[137]
	Zn为阳极、BOD/MWNT/rGO/PG为阴极的O₂燃料电池	电流密度650 μA/cm²，功率密度775 μW/cm²，OCP为1.68 V	[137]
	BOD/MWCNT为阴极的O₂燃料电池	功率密度4×10³ μW/cm²，在24 h的使用寿命期间能保持73%的功率	[137]
	GDH/GO/GC为阳极、Lc/AuNP/Au为阴极的葡萄糖/O₂燃料电池	电流密度1.1×10³ μA/cm²，功率密度400 μW/cm²，OCP为0.86 V，在576 h的使用寿命期间能保持93%的功率	[137]
	基于NiFe氢酶/MWCNT/NQ/GCE为阴极的H₂/O₂燃料电池	最大功率密度为 890 μW/cm²，OCP为1.1 V	[4]
自供电可穿戴电子设备	基于LOx/TTF-MDB/Pt/Co设计的由汗液驱动的集成电子皮肤检测乳酸	功率密度350 µW/cm²，具有良好的稳定性能	[138]
	基于LOx/CNT/1,4-NQ/GA/CHI为阳极、Box/CNT/PPIX/Nafion为阴极制备的电子纺织微电网	功率密度21.5 µW/cm²，电流密度5.8 µA/cm²监测汗液中的乳酸	[138]
	基于LOx/CNT/NQ/Pt/Cu/Nafion检测汗液中的乳酸	可以从静止状态下指尖汗液中收集400 mJ/cm²能量	[138]
	基于LOx/NQ/液态金属组成的可伸缩电化学组件检测汗液中的乳酸浓度	最大功率密度为270 μW/cm²和0.50 V的OCP	[138]
酶生物传感器
表皮检测	附着在皮肤上以形成皮下电化学双通道利用GOx检测血糖	实现无创血管内血糖测量，具有130.4 μA·L/mmol高灵敏度	[139]
	尿酸酶/C制备的新型纸质智能绷带检测伤口尿酸水平	降低更换伤口敷料的频率，检测范围为100～800 μmol/L，精确监测伤口长达3 d	[139]
	将LOx与硼酸盐形成外聚合层同Nafion固定在电极上检测乳酸	检测范围0.22～0.75 mmol/L，灵敏度为0.1 μA·L/mmol	[140]
	基于Au/rGO/PtNP/CHI/GOx制备的葡萄糖生物传感器	汗液葡萄糖水平分析和心电图的同时监测，检测范围0～200 μmol/L，灵敏度29.1 μA·L/(mmol·cm²)	[141]
	基于PVA/GOx/PB/C/PET制备的触摸指尖无创血糖监测	检测范围0～50 μmol/L，灵敏度2.89 μA·L/mmol	[141]
	基于GOx/PB/Au和LOx/PB/Au/GA/Nafion的多功能电化学分析，同时测量葡萄糖和乳酸	葡萄糖检测范围1～600 μmol/L，灵敏度26.3 μA·L/(mmol·cm²)，乳酸盐检测范围1～40 mmol/L，灵敏度1.49 μA·L/(mmol·cm²)	[141]
	基于紫外介导的化学电镀技术制备的GOx/PB/Au/PET葡萄糖传感器	检测范围0～2.7 μmol/L，灵敏度22.05 μA·L/(mmol·cm²)，抗干扰性强	[141]
	基于Nafion/GOx/PB/porous Au制备的一次性汗液的血糖监测设备	检测范围0～10 μmol/L，1 μL汗液即可检测，并实现多级透皮药物释放	[106]
	基于GOx-CNT/PB/Au/PET的葡糖糖传感器与LOx-CNT/PB/Au/CHI乳酸传感器制备的多功能微流体检测	葡萄糖检测范围为0～200 μmol/L，灵敏度2.35 μA·L/mmol，乳酸检测范围0～30 mmol/L，灵敏度0.22 μA·L/mmol	[106]
	基于GOx-CNT/PB/Au制备的实时检测血糖设备	检测范围0～25 μmol/L，灵敏度2.1 μA·L/mmol	[141]
	基于化学气相沉积制备GOx/PB/石墨烯的血糖传感器	检测范围0～10 μmol/L，灵敏度1.0 μA·L/mmol，并具有经皮药物释放功能	[141]
泪液检测	GOx/水凝胶/Pt制备的下眼睑NovioSense葡萄糖传感器	检测范围0～20 mmol/L，稳定信号长达4.5 h	[106]
	基于GOx/CAT/石墨烯制备的智能隐形眼镜葡萄糖传感器	检测范围0.1～0.9 mmol/L，灵敏度22.72%·L/mmol	[139]
	基于AOx/CHI/PB/PET；GOx/PB的眼睛生物传感器检测酒精、维生素和血糖水平	检测范围0.011～0.08 μmol/L，9 h的测试期间显示出高稳定性	[139]
唾液检测	基于GOx/PB/Au/PET/CHI制备的安抚奶嘴用于葡萄糖监测	检测范围0.1～1.4 mmol/L，灵敏度0.69 nA·L/mmol	[139]
唾液检测	通过尿酸酶/PB/GA/聚邻苯二胺制备的护牙生物传感器检测尿酸	检测范围0～600 μmol/L，灵敏度为2.45 μA·L/mmol	[139]
配件检测	OPH/Nafion/碳电极制备的手套传感器快速检测有机磷神经毒剂	检测范围0～200 μmol/L，平均电阻值为480 Ω	[139]
	基于OPH/PB/PET/碳电极制备的戒指式样传感器检测空气和液体中的爆炸性和神经毒剂威胁	气体检测范围0～100 mL/m³，灵敏度高达4.55 μA·m³/mL；液体检测范围2～10 mmol/L，灵敏度高达1.8 μA·L/mmol	[139]
	GOx/LOx/COD/CHI/Au/PtNP/PPD制备的一次性独立式智能手表，监测久坐和高强度运动环境中个体的汗液代谢物特征	葡萄糖检测范围0～1000 μmol/L，灵敏度22.8 μA·L/(mmol·cm²)；乳酸检测范围0～20 mmol/L，灵敏度4.1 μA·L/(mmol·cm²)；胆碱检测范围0～350 μmol/L，灵敏度9.4 μA·L/(mmol·cm²)	[139]
间质液检测	利用普鲁士蓝修饰的GOx传感器在低电位下检测葡萄糖	跟踪食物消耗引起的血糖水平变化，检测范围0～100 μmol/L	[139]
	构建通过PEG-二酰肼交联剂用GOx修饰的纳米纤维垫的葡萄糖生物传感器	检测范围95～2000 μmol/L，灵敏度0.8 μA·L/(mmol·cm²)，可以在8周内多次重复使用	[142]
	基于GOx/PB/CHI制备的检测食用食物后的血糖水平传感器	检测范围0～160 μmol/L，灵敏度300 μA/cm²	[143]
	基于PPD/AOx-CHI/Nafion/Pt制备的微针生物传感器	检测范围0～80 mmol/L，灵敏度0.045 nA·L/mmol	[143]
食品检测	基于FDHb/MPA/CMC/NPG制备的果糖生物传感器，用于检测在天然甜味剂和饮料	检测范围0.05～0.3 mmol/L，灵敏度145 μA/cm²，6天后剩余40%活性	[143]
	基于CDH/PEI-AuNP/RDE制备的乳糖传感器	检测范围1～100 μmol/L，灵敏度196.5 μA/cm²，电流密度为10 μA/cm²，响应时间小于5 s	[143]
	基于CDH/AuNPs/BPDT/AuE制备的乳糖传感器	检测范围5～400 μmol/L，灵敏度27.5 μA/cm²，20天后仍可保持85%活性	[143]
	基于CDH/AuNPs/GCE制备的乳糖传感器	检测范围10～300 mmol/L，灵敏度5.4 μA/cm²，1周后保留了约50%的初始活性	[143]
	基于CDH/Co-hemin/CHI/GCE制备的乳糖传感器	检测范围10～100 mmol/L，灵敏度102.3 μA/cm²	[143]
酶电合成
CO₂固定	基于FNR/乙酰辅酶A羧化酶/MV/GCE构建的辅因子再生系统	碳产品中间体生成速率为160 nmol/(cm²·h)，法拉第效率为91%	[144]
	基于FDH/Cc-PAA/C氧化甲酸的生物阳极	还原甲酸盐酸产率为431 nmol/h，法拉第效率高达99%	[4]
	基于MoFe-Fe固氮酶/Cc/GDE/GCE将CO₂还原为甲酸盐	电流密度350 μA/cm²，MoFe-Fe固氮酶法拉第效率分别为9%和32%	[4]
	基于FDH/MV/Nafion的三室结构使二氧化碳还原为甲酸盐	在20 mV负向可逆电极电位下产生甲酸盐，产量高达97%	[4]
	基于FDH/Rh/Nafion/C为阴极的双室反应器的NADH再生系统将CO₂还原为甲酸	电流密度80 μA/cm²，法拉第效率可达到46%	[135]
N₂固定	基于氢酶/MV为阳极，固氮酶/MV为阴极的体系将N₂还原为NH₃	生成286 nmol NH₃，法拉第效率为26.4%	[134]
	固氮酶/AlaDH/DI/HN-ωTA/MV构建的辅酶再生系统在厌氧H形双室反应器生产手性胺	实现MV再生，反应10 h后，胺化产物达到0.61 mmol/L的最高浓度，法拉第效率为27%	[136]
	基于Lc/LPEI/MWCNT/C制备的不依赖 ATP的DET系统将 N₂ 还原到 NH₃	NH₃的产量为180 nmol，最大催化电流密度1.88×10³ μA/cm²	[136]
	氢酶/MV为阳极，固氮酶/MV/DI/LeuDH为阴极制备的H₂/α-酮酸燃料电池用于将N₂转化为手性氨基酸	实现了92%的NH₃转化率和87.1%的法拉第效率，OCP为0.25 V	[136]
增值化学品合成	基于氢酶/MV/Nafion/为阳极，ADO/TBO/Nafion为阴极，催化脂肪醛脱羰基化为烷烃和甲酸	最大电流密度为25 μA/cm²在0.6 V下产生己烷，法拉第效率为24%	[134]
	基于BPV-LPEI/DH/C₈-LPEI/PHA/GC再生NADH系统，可持续合成PHB	NADH再生的法拉第效率为52%，最大电流密度为27.9 μA/cm²	[4]
	基于氢酶/MV为阳极，Alk/TBO为阴极利用石油衍生物生成烷烃	电流密度为 318 μA/cm²，OCP为0.65 V，法拉第效率为23%，生成辛烷产率为690 nmol/cm²	[4]
	基于GDH/DI/VK₃/CF为阳极，利用葡萄糖生成L-DOPA	L-DOPA生产率为118.3 mg/(h·L)和90%的法拉第效率	[4]
	酪氨酸酶/Fe₃O₄-COOH-NP/Nafion/Ni/C为阴极构建的微生物-酶电合成系统将废水转化为增值化学品	合成药物油酸和CPMA的转化率达到78.9%和86.8%，法拉第效率分别达到91%和102.4%	[145]

应用领域	主要策略	主要效果	文献
酶生物燃料电池
MET型	基于氢酶/MV/为阳极、固氮酶/MV为阴极的H₂/N₂燃料电池	最大电流和功率密度分别为48.0 μA/cm²和1.50 μW/cm²，OCP为0.23 V	[134]
	基于氢酶/MV/Nafion为阳极、ADO/TBO/Nafion为阴极的H₂/庚醛燃料电池	最大电流密度和功率密度为25 μA/cm²和4.7 μW/cm²，OCP最高达到0.6 V	[134]
	基于氢酶/MV/C为阳极、BOD/Nafion/C为阴极的H₂/O₂燃料电池	最大功率密度为3.6×10³μW/cm²，OCP的值为1.13 V。	[134]
	基于氢酶/MV/GCE为阳极、BOD/C为阴极的H₂/O₂燃料电池	最大电流密度和功率密度为6.3×10³ μA/cm²和4.4 ×10³μW/cm²，OCP最高达到1.14 V	[134]
	基于FDH/Cc-PAA/C为阳极的甲酸盐/O₂燃料电池	最大电流密度62 μA/cm²，OCP为 1.28 V	[135]
	FDH/BPV-LPEI/C为阳极、Lc/MWCNT/Nafion/C为阴极的HCOO^-/O₂酶燃料电池	最大电流和功率密度为17 μA/cm²和18 μW/cm²，OCP为1.28 V	[136]
	FDH/MV/聚乙二醇/GCE为阳极、BOD/ABTS/GCE为阴极的HCOO^-/O₂燃料电池	电流密度达到2×10⁴ μA/cm²，功率密度为1.2×10³ μW/cm²，OCP为0.78 V	[136]
	基于多酶/CNT/AQDS/C阳极、Pt为阴极的多糖燃料电池酶	最大功率密度为108 μW/cm²，电流密度为 2.56×10³ μA/cm²，法拉第效率为95%	[136]
DET型	基于Lc/CNT/Ta高性能生物阴极组成的O₂燃料电池	电流密度840 μA/cm²，在168 h的使用寿命期间能保持75%的电流	[137]
	GOx/对苯二酚/SWNT/Au为阴极、Lc/SWNT/Au为阳极的葡萄糖/O₂燃料电池	电流密度790 μA/cm²，功率密度240 μW/cm²，OCP为0.52 V，在低pH下可有效工作	[137]
	基于Py₂Ox/CAT/GC为阳极、Py₂Ox/HRP/CNT-CMF-CC为阴极的H₂/葡萄糖燃料电池	功率密度530 μW/cm²，OCP为1.15 V，在10 h的使用寿命期间保留50%的功率	[137]
	基于GDH/PANI/AuNP/Au为作用在人体血液中的高效生物阳极的葡萄糖燃料电池	电流密度1×10³ μA/cm²，在10 h的使用寿命期间能保持79%的电流	[137]
	GOx/NQ/MWNT为阳极、HRP/MWNT为阴极的葡萄糖/H₂O₂燃料电池	功率密度700 μW/cm²，OCP为0.6 V	[137]
	基于GOx/TPA/PEI/CNT为阳极、Pt/C为阴极的葡萄糖/O₂燃料电池	电流密度78.6 μA/cm²，功率密度1.62×10³ μW/cm²，在672 h的使用寿命期间能保持75.8%的电流	[137]
	基于GOx/PANI/GC为阳极、Lc/PANI/GC为阴极的葡萄糖/O₂燃料电池	功率密度1.12×10³ μW/cm²，OCP为0.78 V，在336 h的使用寿命期间能保持82.9%的功率	[137]
	基于FAD-GDH/Th-AuNP/CNT/GC为阳极、BOD/GR/CNT/GC为阴极的葡萄糖/O₂燃料电池	电流密度925 μA/cm²，功率密度269 μW/cm²，OCP为0.71 V	[137]
	基于GOx/Naph-SH/AgNP/PEI/CNT为阳极、Pt/C为阴极的葡萄糖/O₂燃料电池	电流密度1.46×10³ μA/cm²，在840 h的使用寿命期间能保持83%的电流	[137]
	基于GOx/3D石墨烯为阳极的葡萄糖/O₂燃料电池	功率密度164 μW/cm²，OCP为0.44 V，在168 h的使用寿命期间能保持60%的功率	[137]
	基于GOx/PVP-RPPy/NiF为阳极、Lc/PVP-RPPy/NiF为阴极的葡萄糖/O₂燃料电池	功率密度350 μW/cm²，OCP为1.16 V，在336 h的使用寿命期间能保持82%的功率	[137]
	Zn为阳极、BOD/MWNT/rGO/PG为阴极的O₂燃料电池	电流密度650 μA/cm²，功率密度775 μW/cm²，OCP为1.68 V	[137]
	BOD/MWCNT为阴极的O₂燃料电池	功率密度4×10³ μW/cm²，在24 h的使用寿命期间能保持73%的功率	[137]
	GDH/GO/GC为阳极、Lc/AuNP/Au为阴极的葡萄糖/O₂燃料电池	电流密度1.1×10³ μA/cm²，功率密度400 μW/cm²，OCP为0.86 V，在576 h的使用寿命期间能保持93%的功率	[137]
	基于NiFe氢酶/MWCNT/NQ/GCE为阴极的H₂/O₂燃料电池	最大功率密度为 890 μW/cm²，OCP为1.1 V	[4]
自供电可穿戴电子设备	基于LOx/TTF-MDB/Pt/Co设计的由汗液驱动的集成电子皮肤检测乳酸	功率密度350 µW/cm²，具有良好的稳定性能	[138]
	基于LOx/CNT/1,4-NQ/GA/CHI为阳极、Box/CNT/PPIX/Nafion为阴极制备的电子纺织微电网	功率密度21.5 µW/cm²，电流密度5.8 µA/cm²监测汗液中的乳酸	[138]
	基于LOx/CNT/NQ/Pt/Cu/Nafion检测汗液中的乳酸	可以从静止状态下指尖汗液中收集400 mJ/cm²能量	[138]
	基于LOx/NQ/液态金属组成的可伸缩电化学组件检测汗液中的乳酸浓度	最大功率密度为270 μW/cm²和0.50 V的OCP	[138]
酶生物传感器
表皮检测	附着在皮肤上以形成皮下电化学双通道利用GOx检测血糖	实现无创血管内血糖测量，具有130.4 μA·L/mmol高灵敏度	[139]
	尿酸酶/C制备的新型纸质智能绷带检测伤口尿酸水平	降低更换伤口敷料的频率，检测范围为100～800 μmol/L，精确监测伤口长达3 d	[139]
	将LOx与硼酸盐形成外聚合层同Nafion固定在电极上检测乳酸	检测范围0.22～0.75 mmol/L，灵敏度为0.1 μA·L/mmol	[140]
	基于Au/rGO/PtNP/CHI/GOx制备的葡萄糖生物传感器	汗液葡萄糖水平分析和心电图的同时监测，检测范围0～200 μmol/L，灵敏度29.1 μA·L/(mmol·cm²)	[141]
	基于PVA/GOx/PB/C/PET制备的触摸指尖无创血糖监测	检测范围0～50 μmol/L，灵敏度2.89 μA·L/mmol	[141]
	基于GOx/PB/Au和LOx/PB/Au/GA/Nafion的多功能电化学分析，同时测量葡萄糖和乳酸	葡萄糖检测范围1～600 μmol/L，灵敏度26.3 μA·L/(mmol·cm²)，乳酸盐检测范围1～40 mmol/L，灵敏度1.49 μA·L/(mmol·cm²)	[141]
	基于紫外介导的化学电镀技术制备的GOx/PB/Au/PET葡萄糖传感器	检测范围0～2.7 μmol/L，灵敏度22.05 μA·L/(mmol·cm²)，抗干扰性强	[141]
	基于Nafion/GOx/PB/porous Au制备的一次性汗液的血糖监测设备	检测范围0～10 μmol/L，1 μL汗液即可检测，并实现多级透皮药物释放	[106]
	基于GOx-CNT/PB/Au/PET的葡糖糖传感器与LOx-CNT/PB/Au/CHI乳酸传感器制备的多功能微流体检测	葡萄糖检测范围为0～200 μmol/L，灵敏度2.35 μA·L/mmol，乳酸检测范围0～30 mmol/L，灵敏度0.22 μA·L/mmol	[106]
	基于GOx-CNT/PB/Au制备的实时检测血糖设备	检测范围0～25 μmol/L，灵敏度2.1 μA·L/mmol	[141]
	基于化学气相沉积制备GOx/PB/石墨烯的血糖传感器	检测范围0～10 μmol/L，灵敏度1.0 μA·L/mmol，并具有经皮药物释放功能	[141]
泪液检测	GOx/水凝胶/Pt制备的下眼睑NovioSense葡萄糖传感器	检测范围0～20 mmol/L，稳定信号长达4.5 h	[106]
	基于GOx/CAT/石墨烯制备的智能隐形眼镜葡萄糖传感器	检测范围0.1～0.9 mmol/L，灵敏度22.72%·L/mmol	[139]
	基于AOx/CHI/PB/PET；GOx/PB的眼睛生物传感器检测酒精、维生素和血糖水平	检测范围0.011～0.08 μmol/L，9 h的测试期间显示出高稳定性	[139]
唾液检测	基于GOx/PB/Au/PET/CHI制备的安抚奶嘴用于葡萄糖监测	检测范围0.1～1.4 mmol/L，灵敏度0.69 nA·L/mmol	[139]
唾液检测	通过尿酸酶/PB/GA/聚邻苯二胺制备的护牙生物传感器检测尿酸	检测范围0～600 μmol/L，灵敏度为2.45 μA·L/mmol	[139]
配件检测	OPH/Nafion/碳电极制备的手套传感器快速检测有机磷神经毒剂	检测范围0～200 μmol/L，平均电阻值为480 Ω	[139]
	基于OPH/PB/PET/碳电极制备的戒指式样传感器检测空气和液体中的爆炸性和神经毒剂威胁	气体检测范围0～100 mL/m³，灵敏度高达4.55 μA·m³/mL；液体检测范围2～10 mmol/L，灵敏度高达1.8 μA·L/mmol	[139]
	GOx/LOx/COD/CHI/Au/PtNP/PPD制备的一次性独立式智能手表，监测久坐和高强度运动环境中个体的汗液代谢物特征	葡萄糖检测范围0～1000 μmol/L，灵敏度22.8 μA·L/(mmol·cm²)；乳酸检测范围0～20 mmol/L，灵敏度4.1 μA·L/(mmol·cm²)；胆碱检测范围0～350 μmol/L，灵敏度9.4 μA·L/(mmol·cm²)	[139]
间质液检测	利用普鲁士蓝修饰的GOx传感器在低电位下检测葡萄糖	跟踪食物消耗引起的血糖水平变化，检测范围0～100 μmol/L	[139]
	构建通过PEG-二酰肼交联剂用GOx修饰的纳米纤维垫的葡萄糖生物传感器	检测范围95～2000 μmol/L，灵敏度0.8 μA·L/(mmol·cm²)，可以在8周内多次重复使用	[142]
	基于GOx/PB/CHI制备的检测食用食物后的血糖水平传感器	检测范围0～160 μmol/L，灵敏度300 μA/cm²	[143]
	基于PPD/AOx-CHI/Nafion/Pt制备的微针生物传感器	检测范围0～80 mmol/L，灵敏度0.045 nA·L/mmol	[143]
食品检测	基于FDHb/MPA/CMC/NPG制备的果糖生物传感器，用于检测在天然甜味剂和饮料	检测范围0.05～0.3 mmol/L，灵敏度145 μA/cm²，6天后剩余40%活性	[143]
	基于CDH/PEI-AuNP/RDE制备的乳糖传感器	检测范围1～100 μmol/L，灵敏度196.5 μA/cm²，电流密度为10 μA/cm²，响应时间小于5 s	[143]
	基于CDH/AuNPs/BPDT/AuE制备的乳糖传感器	检测范围5～400 μmol/L，灵敏度27.5 μA/cm²，20天后仍可保持85%活性	[143]
	基于CDH/AuNPs/GCE制备的乳糖传感器	检测范围10～300 mmol/L，灵敏度5.4 μA/cm²，1周后保留了约50%的初始活性	[143]
	基于CDH/Co-hemin/CHI/GCE制备的乳糖传感器	检测范围10～100 mmol/L，灵敏度102.3 μA/cm²	[143]
酶电合成
CO₂固定	基于FNR/乙酰辅酶A羧化酶/MV/GCE构建的辅因子再生系统	碳产品中间体生成速率为160 nmol/(cm²·h)，法拉第效率为91%	[144]
	基于FDH/Cc-PAA/C氧化甲酸的生物阳极	还原甲酸盐酸产率为431 nmol/h，法拉第效率高达99%	[4]
	基于MoFe-Fe固氮酶/Cc/GDE/GCE将CO₂还原为甲酸盐	电流密度350 μA/cm²，MoFe-Fe固氮酶法拉第效率分别为9%和32%	[4]
	基于FDH/MV/Nafion的三室结构使二氧化碳还原为甲酸盐	在20 mV负向可逆电极电位下产生甲酸盐，产量高达97%	[4]
	基于FDH/Rh/Nafion/C为阴极的双室反应器的NADH再生系统将CO₂还原为甲酸	电流密度80 μA/cm²，法拉第效率可达到46%	[135]
N₂固定	基于氢酶/MV为阳极，固氮酶/MV为阴极的体系将N₂还原为NH₃	生成286 nmol NH₃，法拉第效率为26.4%	[134]
	固氮酶/AlaDH/DI/HN-ωTA/MV构建的辅酶再生系统在厌氧H形双室反应器生产手性胺	实现MV再生，反应10 h后，胺化产物达到0.61 mmol/L的最高浓度，法拉第效率为27%	[136]
	基于Lc/LPEI/MWCNT/C制备的不依赖 ATP的DET系统将 N₂ 还原到 NH₃	NH₃的产量为180 nmol，最大催化电流密度1.88×10³ μA/cm²	[136]
	氢酶/MV为阳极，固氮酶/MV/DI/LeuDH为阴极制备的H₂/α-酮酸燃料电池用于将N₂转化为手性氨基酸	实现了92%的NH₃转化率和87.1%的法拉第效率，OCP为0.25 V	[136]
增值化学品合成	基于氢酶/MV/Nafion/为阳极，ADO/TBO/Nafion为阴极，催化脂肪醛脱羰基化为烷烃和甲酸	最大电流密度为25 μA/cm²在0.6 V下产生己烷，法拉第效率为24%	[134]
	基于BPV-LPEI/DH/C₈-LPEI/PHA/GC再生NADH系统，可持续合成PHB	NADH再生的法拉第效率为52%，最大电流密度为27.9 μA/cm²	[4]
	基于氢酶/MV为阳极，Alk/TBO为阴极利用石油衍生物生成烷烃	电流密度为 318 μA/cm²，OCP为0.65 V，法拉第效率为23%，生成辛烷产率为690 nmol/cm²	[4]
	基于GDH/DI/VK₃/CF为阳极，利用葡萄糖生成L-DOPA	L-DOPA生产率为118.3 mg/(h·L)和90%的法拉第效率	[4]
	酪氨酸酶/Fe₃O₄-COOH-NP/Nafion/Ni/C为阴极构建的微生物-酶电合成系统将废水转化为增值化学品	合成药物油酸和CPMA的转化率达到78.9%和86.8%，法拉第效率分别达到91%和102.4%	[145]

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酶促生物电催化系统的设计构建与强化

Construction and enhancement of enzymatic bioelectrocatalytic systems

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