合成生物学在农业中的进展及挑战

doi:10.12211/2096-8280.2025-065

合成生物学 ›› 2025, Vol. 6 ›› Issue (5): 998-1024.DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2025-065

合成生物学在农业中的进展及挑战

刘婕¹, 郜钰¹, 马永硕¹^,², 尚轶¹

^1.云南省马铃薯生物学重点实验室，马铃薯科学研究院，云南师范大学，云南昆明 650500
^2.麻省理工学院化学工程系，美国马萨诸塞州剑桥市 02142

收稿日期:2025-06-23 修回日期:2025-09-07 出版日期:2025-10-31 发布日期:2025-11-05
通讯作者: 马永硕,尚轶
作者简介:刘婕（1996—），女，博士研究生。研究方向为植物天然产物在植物以及微生物的高效合成。E-mail：liujie19960901@163.com
马永硕（1986—），男，研究员，博士生导师。研究方向为合成生物学与代谢工程。E-mail：mayongshuo2000@163.com
尚轶（1982—），男，研究员，博士生导师。研究方向为作物营养与风味品质，合成生物学。E-mail：shangyi@ynnu.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金委联合基金重点项目(U2202206);云南省“兴滇英才支持计划”云岭学者专项(XDYC-YLXZ-2022-0019)

Progress and challenges of synthetic biology in agriculture

LIU Jie¹, GAO Yu¹, MA Yongshuo¹^,², SHANG Yi¹

^1.Key Laboratory for Potato Biology of Yunnan Province，The CAAS-YNNU-YINMORE Joint Academy of Potato Science，Yunnan Normal University，Kunming 650500，Yunnan，China
^2.Department of Chemical Engineering，Massachusetts Institute of Technology，Cambridge 02142，Massachusetts，USA

Received:2025-06-23 Revised:2025-09-07 Online:2025-10-31 Published:2025-11-05
Contact: MA Yongshuo, SHANG Yi

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

合成生物学通过工程化设计与新生命系统构建，为农业带来了革命性的突破。与传统农业技术相比，合成生物学汇聚农业科技领域的高新技术，可以更高效、更广泛地解决光合作用、生物固氮、作物抗逆、农业生态可持续性等世界性农业难题。合成生物技术不仅可以提高作物产量和优化营养品质，还可以利用生物质副产物产生健康的肥料和土壤，实现废弃物资源化循环的新模式，是应对人口增加和气候变化、促进生物经济可持续发展的战略制高点。本文回顾了农业合成生物学的发展历程，综述了基因编辑技术、代谢工程策略、生物传感器元件开发、基因回路设计、人工智能等在农业中广泛应用的合成生物技术的最新研究进展。阐述了合成生物学在农业中的核心应用，包括提高作物产量和资源利用率、增强抗逆性、作物营养强化以及改善微生物互作等方面。合成生物学在农业领域的多维应用，将有效保障粮食安全并助力未来农业可持续发展。

关键词: 农业合成生物学, 代谢工程, 基因编辑, 人工智能, 作物产量与品质, 可持续农业

Abstract:

Synthetic biology is a multidisciplinary field that has revolutionized agriculture by designing and constructing novel life systems. Due to limited arable land resources, it is inevitable that soil will become polluted with heavy metals, and that pesticide and fertilizer residues will accumulate, resulting in low crop photosynthetic efficiency. Traditional agricultural production cannot meet the challenges posed by modern food demands and climate change. Compared to traditional agricultural technologies, synthetic biology presents a promising approach by incorporating advanced technologies into agricultural systems, allowing more efficient and widespread solutions to global agrarian challenges. It represents a strategic high ground for addressing population growth, climate change, and promoting sustainable bioeconomic development. Synthetic biology has the potential to enhance crop photosynthesis, optimize nitrogen fixation mechanisms, improve biological stress tolerance, increase crop yields, and optimize nutritional quality, thereby promoting sustainable agricultural and ecological development. The advancement of biosensor components, gene circuit design, and related technologies can enhance the utilization of free nutrients, such as carbon and nitrogen in crops, while decreasing reliance on fertilizers. Additionally, by integrating microbial chassis-based cell factories, a sustainable system has been developed to convert biomass waste into safe, nutrient-rich fertilizers, enabling efficient waste-to-resource transformation. This article reviews the development history of agricultural synthetic biology and summarizes the latest research progress in synthetic biology technologies widely used in agriculture, including gene editing, metabolic engineering strategies, the development of biosensor components, gene circuit design and artificial intelligence. The core application areas of synthetic biology in agriculture are elaborated upon, including improvement in crop yield and resource utilization, enhancements in stress resistance, optimization in crop nutrition, and refinements in microbial interactions. Finally, the current challenges facing agricultural synthetic biology and its future development trends are discussed. The multidimensional application of synthetic biology in agricultural will facilitate the circular utilization of energy and resources, effectively ensuring food security and promoting the sustainable development of agriculture in the future.

Key words: agricultural synthetic biology, metabolic engineering, gene editing, artificial intelligence, crop yield and nutrition quality, sustainable agriculture

中图分类号:

刘婕, 郜钰, 马永硕, 尚轶. 合成生物学在农业中的进展及挑战[J]. 合成生物学, 2025, 6(5): 998-1024.

LIU Jie, GAO Yu, MA Yongshuo, SHANG Yi. Progress and challenges of synthetic biology in agriculture[J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2025, 6(5): 998-1024.

图/表 5

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合成生物学在农业中的进展及挑战

Progress and challenges of synthetic biology in agriculture

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Year	Findings	References
2005	二代黄金大米的总胡萝卜素得到23倍的增加	[32]
2011	植物传感器开始发展	[33]
2012	番茄中抗坏血酸含量的增加	[34]
2014	谷类作物中固氮途径的引入，增加作物固氮量	[35]
2014	油料作物种子中高效合成ω-3不饱和脂肪酸	[36]
2016	烟草叶片中青蒿素的合成	[37]
2017	番茄果实中GABA的大量积累	[38]
2017	大麦中引入固氮系统，提高氮利用效率	[39]
2018	水稻胚乳中虾青素的生物合成	[40]
2019	烟草中引入光呼吸途径，增加C₃作物的产量	[41]
2019	水稻中引入光呼吸旁路，增加光合效率	[42]
2020	初级编辑器在作物中的应用	[43]
2021	C₃作物中C₄高光效特征的模拟	[44]
2022	烟草中马钱子碱的生物合成途径重构	[45]
2024	烟草中疫苗佐剂QS-21的生物合成途径重构	[46]

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