微生物油脂与植物油脂的合成生物制造

doi:10.12211/2096-8280.2024-093

合成生物学 ›› 2025, Vol. 6 ›› Issue (5): 1167-1183.DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-093

微生物油脂与植物油脂的合成生物制造

苏娟娟¹^,², 郑家文¹^,², 苗润泽¹^,³, 韩鹏¹^,³, 王士安¹^,², 李福利¹^,²

^1.中国科学院青岛生物能源与过程研究所，太阳能光电转化与利用全国重点实验室，山东省一碳炼制工程研究中心，青岛新能源山东省实验室，山东青岛 266101
^2.山东能源研究院，山东青岛 266101
^3.中国海洋大学，山东青岛 266100

收稿日期:2024-12-05 修回日期:2025-03-28 出版日期:2025-10-31 发布日期:2025-11-05
通讯作者: 王士安,李福利
作者简介:苏娟娟（1991—），女，助理研究员。研究方向为产油酵母定制化合成功能油脂。E-mail：sujj@qibebt.ac.cn
王士安（1980—），男，研究员，博士生导师。研究方向为酵母菌生物技术，重点“因菌制宜”开展酵母合成油脂和蛋白研究。E-mail：wangsa@qibebt.ac.cn
李福利（1975—），男，研究员，博士生导师。研究方向为工业微生物技术，重点开展生物能源和化学品的合成生物技术研究。E-mail：lifl@qibebt.ac.cn
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2023YFA0914400)

Biosynthesis and manufacture of microbial oils and vegetable oils

SU Juanjuan¹^,², ZHENG Jiawen¹^,², MIAO Runze¹^,³, HAN Peng¹^,³, WANG Shi’an¹^,², LI Fuli¹^,²

^1.Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology，Chinese Academy of Sciences，Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Conversion and Utilization of Solar Energy，Shandong C1 Refinery Engineering Research Center，Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory，Qingdao 266101，Shandong，China
^2.Shandong Energy Institute，Qingdao 266101，Shandong，China
^3.Ocean University of China，Qingdao 266100，Shandong，China

Received:2024-12-05 Revised:2025-03-28 Online:2025-10-31 Published:2025-11-05
Contact: WANG Shi’an, LI Fuli

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

油脂及脂肪酸衍生物是食品、生物能源、材料以及医药化工的基础原料，需求量大。当前我国油脂供给高度依赖进口油料作物，受限于耕地资源，仅依靠农业种植难以满足需求。合成生物技术的发展为油脂生产提供了新途径，其中微生物油脂合成技术具有原料来源广、生产周期短、不占用耕地等优势，成为缓解油脂资源供应压力的战略选择。本文从大宗油脂和高值油脂的角度，系统综述了微生物油脂和植物油脂合成生物制造的研究现状，分析了植物油脂和微生物油脂的经济性差异，并总结了油脂分离提取及检测技术。未来，从商业化成熟度考量，高值油脂在短期内有望快速发展，而大宗油脂在中远期具有广阔前景。通过合成生物技术构建高效油脂合成的微生物细胞工厂，推动全链条低成本生物炼制技术，有望创新油脂生产方式，促进油脂产业多元化发展。

关键词: 微生物油脂, 植物油脂, 生物制造, 高值油脂, 大宗油脂, 分离提取

Abstract:

Oils and fatty acid derivatives are essential raw materials across various industries, including food, bioenergy, functional materials, and pharmaceutical chemicals, with significant global demand. Currently, China heavily relies on imported oilseed crops, and the cultivation of oil crops is constrained by limited arable land, making it difficult to meet the growing demand for oils. The development of synthetic biology offers a promising solution, particularly through the microbial oil synthesis technology, which utilizes renewable resources to produce oils, presenting a strategic alternative to traditional oil production methods. The work provides a comprehensive overview of the current research progress in the biosynthesis and biomanufacturing of microbial oils and vegetable oils. It highlights the commercial demonstration cases of microbial synthesis for high-value oils, including arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). It also presents the industrial demonstration cases of bulk oil synthesis, such as biorefining technology that utilizes lignocellulosic materials. The economic differences between vegetable oils and microbial oils are analyzed, emphasizing the challenges and opportunities in cost reduction and scalability. Additionally, the review summarizes the technologies for oil separation, extraction, and detection, which are critical for improving the efficiency and quality of oil production. Looking ahead, high-value oils are expected to undergo rapid development in the short term, driven by their applications in health, nutrition, and specialty chemicals. In the medium to long term, microbial bulk oils hold great potential, especially through the utilization of non-food feedstocks such as lignocellulosic biomass and industrial waste, enabling the transition to a circular economy in the oil industry. The integration of synthetic biology tools, including genetic engineering, metabolic pathway optimization, and high-throughput screening, will be essential for constructing efficient microbial cell factories capable of producing oils with high yields and tailored compositions. Furthermore, the development of low-cost, full-chain biorefining technologies will be crucial for overcoming the economic barriers to large-scale microbial oil production. By addressing these challenges, microbial oils have the potential to revolutionize traditional oil production methods, offering sustainable and environmentally friendly alternatives to meet the increasing global demand for oils. This review underscores the importance of continued research and innovation in synthetic biology and biomanufacturing to unlock the full potential of microbial and plant oils in various industrial applications.

Key words: microbial oils, vegetable oils, biomanufacturing, high-value oils, bulk oils, separation and extraction

中图分类号:

Q816

苏娟娟, 郑家文, 苗润泽, 韩鹏, 王士安, 李福利. 微生物油脂与植物油脂的合成生物制造[J]. 合成生物学, 2025, 6(5): 1167-1183.

SU Juanjuan, ZHENG Jiawen, MIAO Runze, HAN Peng, WANG Shi’an, LI Fuli. Biosynthesis and manufacture of microbial oils and vegetable oils[J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2025, 6(5): 1167-1183.

图/表 4

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微生物种类	常见产油菌种	油脂含量/% （占干重比例）	主要脂肪酸组成	特征	参考文献
酵母菌	解脂耶氏酵母 Y. lipolytica	通常在20%～45%之间，特定条件下可超过90%	油酸、棕榈酸、棕榈油酸	遗传改造技术成熟；底物利用谱广，可代谢乙酸、脂肪酸、油脂、正烷烃；抗逆性较强	[12-15]
	圆红冬孢酵母 R. toruloides	通常在40%～60%之间，可超过70%	油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸	遗传工具相对丰富，可利用农林废弃物产油	[16-19]
	产油丝孢酵母 C. oleaginosus	通常大于50%	油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸	代谢木糖能力强；能利用木质纤维素水解液及工业废弃物	[16-18, 20-21]
	斯达氏油脂酵母 L. starkeyi	通常为30%～60%，可超过70%	油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸	能够代谢木糖；遗传工具较少	[16-17, 20]
霉菌	高山被孢霉 M. alpina	通常在40%～60%之间，可超过70%	油酸、棕榈酸、花生四烯酸	商业化生产花生四烯酸（ARA）的主要菌株	[22-24]
	卷枝毛霉 M. circinelloides	通常为25%～53%	亚油酸、油酸、γ-亚麻酸	γ-亚麻酸（GLA）含量高；调控机制研究较多；遗传改造技术相对丰富；代谢工程潜力大；可利用葡萄糖、乙酸等作碳源	[25-26]
藻类	裂殖壶菌 A. limacinum	通常在30%～50%之间，可超过60%	DHA、棕榈酸	生长速度快、发酵密度高；高产DHA；油脂类型适合婴幼儿补充	[27-28]
	小球藻 C.vulgaris	通常为41%～58%	棕榈酸、油酸、亚油酸、α-亚麻酸、γ-亚麻酸	α-亚麻酸（ALA）和γ-亚麻酸含量高，适宜用于食品补充剂；能够用来处理城市及工业废水	[29-30]
	三角褐指藻 P. tricornutum	通常为18%～57%	EPA、棕榈酸、棕榈油酸	EPA产量高，不饱和脂肪酸含量尤其是ω-3/ω-6比值高，油脂营养价值较好	[29,31]
细菌	浑浊红球菌 R. opacus	通常在20%～40%之间，可超过50%	棕榈酸、十七烷酸、油酸	超长链脂肪酸产量高；可利用木质纤维素水解液及工业废弃物	[11, 32-33]
	甲基微菌 M. buryatense	通常为10%～30%	中短链脂肪酸	可以甲烷作为碳源合成脂肪酸，生物转化一碳化合物潜力大	[34]

微生物种类	常见产油菌种	油脂含量/% （占干重比例）	主要脂肪酸组成	特征	参考文献
酵母菌	解脂耶氏酵母 Y. lipolytica	通常在20%～45%之间，特定条件下可超过90%	油酸、棕榈酸、棕榈油酸	遗传改造技术成熟；底物利用谱广，可代谢乙酸、脂肪酸、油脂、正烷烃；抗逆性较强	[12-15]
	圆红冬孢酵母 R. toruloides	通常在40%～60%之间，可超过70%	油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸	遗传工具相对丰富，可利用农林废弃物产油	[16-19]
	产油丝孢酵母 C. oleaginosus	通常大于50%	油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸	代谢木糖能力强；能利用木质纤维素水解液及工业废弃物	[16-18, 20-21]
	斯达氏油脂酵母 L. starkeyi	通常为30%～60%，可超过70%	油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸	能够代谢木糖；遗传工具较少	[16-17, 20]
霉菌	高山被孢霉 M. alpina	通常在40%～60%之间，可超过70%	油酸、棕榈酸、花生四烯酸	商业化生产花生四烯酸（ARA）的主要菌株	[22-24]
	卷枝毛霉 M. circinelloides	通常为25%～53%	亚油酸、油酸、γ-亚麻酸	γ-亚麻酸（GLA）含量高；调控机制研究较多；遗传改造技术相对丰富；代谢工程潜力大；可利用葡萄糖、乙酸等作碳源	[25-26]
藻类	裂殖壶菌 A. limacinum	通常在30%～50%之间，可超过60%	DHA、棕榈酸	生长速度快、发酵密度高；高产DHA；油脂类型适合婴幼儿补充	[27-28]
	小球藻 C.vulgaris	通常为41%～58%	棕榈酸、油酸、亚油酸、α-亚麻酸、γ-亚麻酸	α-亚麻酸（ALA）和γ-亚麻酸含量高，适宜用于食品补充剂；能够用来处理城市及工业废水	[29-30]
	三角褐指藻 P. tricornutum	通常为18%～57%	EPA、棕榈酸、棕榈油酸	EPA产量高，不饱和脂肪酸含量尤其是ω-3/ω-6比值高，油脂营养价值较好	[29,31]
细菌	浑浊红球菌 R. opacus	通常在20%～40%之间，可超过50%	棕榈酸、十七烷酸、油酸	超长链脂肪酸产量高；可利用木质纤维素水解液及工业废弃物	[11, 32-33]
	甲基微菌 M. buryatense	通常为10%～30%	中短链脂肪酸	可以甲烷作为碳源合成脂肪酸，生物转化一碳化合物潜力大	[34]

指标	植物油脂	微生物油脂	参考文献
生产成本	较低，主要依赖于油料作物（大豆、油菜、棕榈等）的规模种植和成熟的提取工艺；生产成本主要包括种子、化肥、农药、土地租赁和劳动力等	较高，主要涉及菌种培养、发酵设备、碳源（葡萄糖、甘油等）和下游提取工艺；能源消耗和技术投入较高	[43]
原料来源	主要来源于植物种子，如大豆、油菜籽、油棕等	可利用淀粉糖、工农业废弃物、非粮糖质原料和一碳化合物	[43-44]
生产周期	长，一般为几个月到几年	短，一般为几天到几周	[45]
资源利用	生产易受土地、水和气候变化的影响，大规模种植可能导致土地资源占用和生态破坏	生产不受土地和气候限制，可在发酵罐中全年生产，但需要大量碳源和营养物质；生产过程产生的废弃物需妥善处理	[45]
产量	产量较高，尤其是油棕等高产植物；举例：大豆的油脂产量通常为170～240 g/kg（约17%～23%）	产量相对较低，可通过优化发酵条件提高；举例：解脂耶氏酵母工程改造菌株的油脂产量可达55～100 g/L，优化菌株及发酵条件可进一步提升；易规模化生产	[46-49]
技术成熟度	生产技术成熟，已实现大规模商业化应用	属于新兴技术，目前的生产规模和效率仍不及植物油脂；下游提取和纯化工艺仍需优化	[50]
市场应用	广泛应用于食品、生物燃料和化工领域，市场需求稳定；市场竞争激烈，利润空间有限	主要用于高附加值产品（如ARA、DHA）和特种油脂生产，市场需求增长迅速，但规模相对较小	[50-51]

指标	植物油脂	微生物油脂	参考文献
生产成本	较低，主要依赖于油料作物（大豆、油菜、棕榈等）的规模种植和成熟的提取工艺；生产成本主要包括种子、化肥、农药、土地租赁和劳动力等	较高，主要涉及菌种培养、发酵设备、碳源（葡萄糖、甘油等）和下游提取工艺；能源消耗和技术投入较高	[43]
原料来源	主要来源于植物种子，如大豆、油菜籽、油棕等	可利用淀粉糖、工农业废弃物、非粮糖质原料和一碳化合物	[43-44]
生产周期	长，一般为几个月到几年	短，一般为几天到几周	[45]
资源利用	生产易受土地、水和气候变化的影响，大规模种植可能导致土地资源占用和生态破坏	生产不受土地和气候限制，可在发酵罐中全年生产，但需要大量碳源和营养物质；生产过程产生的废弃物需妥善处理	[45]
产量	产量较高，尤其是油棕等高产植物；举例：大豆的油脂产量通常为170～240 g/kg（约17%～23%）	产量相对较低，可通过优化发酵条件提高；举例：解脂耶氏酵母工程改造菌株的油脂产量可达55～100 g/L，优化菌株及发酵条件可进一步提升；易规模化生产	[46-49]
技术成熟度	生产技术成熟，已实现大规模商业化应用	属于新兴技术，目前的生产规模和效率仍不及植物油脂；下游提取和纯化工艺仍需优化	[50]
市场应用	广泛应用于食品、生物燃料和化工领域，市场需求稳定；市场竞争激烈，利润空间有限	主要用于高附加值产品（如ARA、DHA）和特种油脂生产，市场需求增长迅速，但规模相对较小	[50-51]

微生物油脂与植物油脂的合成生物制造

Biosynthesis and manufacture of microbial oils and vegetable oils

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