细菌生物被膜的软物质特性及其工程化应用

doi:10.12211/2096-8280.2021-087

合成生物学 ›› 2022, Vol. 3 ›› Issue (4): 626-637.DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2021-087

细菌生物被膜的软物质特性及其工程化应用

朱润涛, 钟超, 戴卓君

中国科学院深圳先进技术研究院合成生物学研究所，广东深圳 518055

收稿日期:2021-08-27 修回日期:2021-12-22 出版日期:2022-08-31 发布日期:2022-09-08
通讯作者: 钟超,戴卓君
作者简介:朱润涛（1993—），男，硕士。研究方向为基于工程细菌及工程菌群的活体材料。E-mail：rt.zhu@siat.ac.cn
钟超（1979—），男，博士，研究员。研究方向为利用合成生物学技术发展新材料，包括活体功能材料和蛋白水下黏合材料。E-mail：chao.zhong@siat.ac.cn
戴卓君（1987—），女，博士，副研究员。研究方向是编辑合成功能菌群并结合高分子化学与物理的手段实现生物制剂及活体材料的智能制造。E-mail：zj.dai@siat.ac.cn
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2018YFA0903000);国家自然科学基金(32071427);深圳市科技计划(KQTD20180413181837372)

Biofilm matrixes-from soft matters to engineered materials

Runtao ZHU, Chao ZHONG, Zhuojun DAI

Institute of Synthetic Biology，Shenzhen Institude of Advanced Technology，Chinese Acdamey of Science，Shenzhen 518055，Guangdong，China

Received:2021-08-27 Revised:2021-12-22 Online:2022-08-31 Published:2022-09-08
Contact: Chao ZHONG, Zhuojun DAI

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

2014年，利用工程化生物被膜大肠杆菌淀粉样蛋白纤维（curli）组装活材料工作的发表，正式拉开了活体功能材料这一新兴领域的序幕。截至目前，围绕活体材料主题，针对curli系统的编辑、组装、性能拓展以及应用等各个方向的相关研究层出不穷，也有一系列的综述对相关工作进行了详细的梳理，并对活体功能材料以及材料合成生物学新方向及新学科进行归纳及定义。然而，当研究人员试着去构建整幅活体材料领域发生及发展的拼图时，其中有一些关键信息缺失。在众多的生物体系中，为什么活体材料新方向会从生物被膜开启？另外，在生物被膜的繁杂组分中，是如何剥离出curli核心系统，并成为整个活体功能材料工程化的中心？围绕着这些疑问，本篇综述从生物被膜的软物质特性以及curli生物起源及调控的研究开始挖掘。从高分子物理及合成生物学的观点解读工程化生物被膜从体系选择、去粗取精、工程化设计、系统构建以及性能推广及优化中，由繁至简，再由简至繁的全过程。作者希望借这篇综述回顾工程化生物被膜curli从发掘到发展的历程，并进一步思考相关领域背后发展及推动的知识积累、设计思维以及发展理念，并期待这些思考将对未来活体材料研究的新体系与新范式带来启示、借鉴以及推动。

关键词: 生物被膜, 高分子物理, 合成生物学, 活体功能材料, 基因线路, 生物材料

Abstract:

The properties of natural living materials are tied with their biological function. For example, as bacteria grow under some conditions, they generate extracellular matrices composed of proteins and biopolymers to attain specific functions such as protection of bacteria from antibiotics and host defenses. In these dynamic processes, the spatial and temporal information required for the biofilm synthesis is encoded in the genome. The fast development of synthetic biology has greatly promoted the understanding of biology and broadened the application of engineered biological systems. Especially, the field of engineered living materials (ELMs) emerged at the intersection between the synthetic biology and the material science. In the last two decades, genetic engineering has applied living cells to express recombinant fusion proteins that can be purified and processed into protein-based materials. Also, metabolic engineering has applied living cells to synthesize small molecules that can serve as monomers for polymers and rubbers production. However, in these cases the cells only act as bio-factory and the properties of the final materials do not exploit the features of living biological systems. In contrast, ELMs are composed of living cells, which act as building blocks to modulate and direct the formation and function of the final materials. The resultant ELMs is programmable, self-regenerative and evolvable. The most pioneering efforts in ELMs development have focused on the engineering functional amyloids, which are secreted and assembled into nanofibrous structure on the cell surface. Especially, the curli of the E. coli was the very first engineered biofilm system. Since 2014, the related research about programming curli for ELMs assembly has accumulated rapidly. In this review, we discussed why and how this model system was chosen, engineered and developed, from the view of polymer physics and synthetic biology. We hope that our thoughts in this review would bring inspirations for more and further model system development in the ELMs.

Key words: biofilm, polymer physics, synthetic biology, living functional materials, gene circuit, biological materials

中图分类号:

Q816

朱润涛, 钟超, 戴卓君. 细菌生物被膜的软物质特性及其工程化应用[J]. 合成生物学, 2022, 3(4): 626-637.

Runtao ZHU, Chao ZHONG, Zhuojun DAI. Biofilm matrixes-from soft matters to engineered materials[J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2022, 3(4): 626-637.

图/表 5

表1 不同生物被膜在室温条件下的弹性模量、黏度

Tab. 1 Viscoelasticity of different biological and synthetic materials at room temperature

材料	弹性 /GPa	黏度 /mPa·s	参考文献
钛	106～108		[9]
铝	68～70		[10]
透明质酸基地的组织工程化骨架	10^-4	10⁷	[11]
皮肤	0.015～0.15		[12]
人皮质骨	15～30		[13]
牙釉质	80		[14]
毛发	7		[15]
水	—	1
唾液	—	1.3～2.0	[16]
血液		3～4	[17]
尿液		0.8	[18]
Pseudomonas生物外膜（剪切模式）	10^-10		[19]
Pseudomonas全生物膜（剪切模式）	10^-5		[20]
Miscellaneous生物膜（剪切模式）	10^-10～10^-4	10³～10¹³	[21]
环境与工业的生物膜（拉伸模式）	10^-8		[22]
口腔生物膜（压缩模式）	10^-8～10^-7		[23]

图1 curli形成的分子机制［Sec通路可将尚未折叠的CsgA转运到细胞周质，同样也可转运CsgB-C和CsgE-F跨越细菌内膜（a）［31］。当CsgA被封闭在CsgG-CsgE腔中时，由于墒增效应使得CsgA由密闭笼子扩散至外膜（b）［32］。CsgB可引发外膜表面CsgA单体成核和聚合形成curli系统（c）［33］。组成curli系统的成熟CsgA单体是典型的β折叠结构（d）［34］］

Fig. 1 The molecular mechanism for curli formation[An unfolded CsgA monomer enters the periplasm via the Sec translocon, and CsgB-C and CsgE-F are transported cross the inner membrane(a); A subunit CsgA encapsulated by a chamber of the CsgG: CsgE complex is secreted over outer membrane, which is driven by entropy increase(b); CsgB nucleated polymerization of a soluble subunit CsgA can assemble into a curli system(c); As the major subunit of the curli fiber, the mature CsgA protein is with a β-sheet-turn-β-sheet conformation (d)]

表2 CsgA融合结构域单元实现curli功能修饰

Tab. 2 Domains-fused CsgA functionalizes curli

功能单位	类型	参考文献
His Tag	标签	[60-64]
贻贝足蛋白	防水黏合剂	[65-67]
HA	标签	[61]
Flag	标签	[68]
镧系元素结合标签（LBTs）	金属结合多肽	[69]
A3	金属结合多肽	[61]
流感病毒结合肽	结合病毒衣壳	[70]
羟基磷灰石结合肽	矿化	[71]
DNA结合结构域	结合DNA	[64]
脂酶结合肽	结合脂酶	[72]
SpyTag	结合SpyCatcher	[64, 68, 73-74]
金属结合域	结合不锈钢	[68]
材料结合多肽	合成纳米材料	[75]
几丁质结合域	结合几丁质	[65]
Mms	结合磁颗粒	[68]
4-叠氮基-L-苯丙氨酸	非天然氨基酸	[76]
人肠三叶因子	治疗结肠炎	[77-79]

图2 与CsgA融合表达实现功能化curli系统（a）将可诱导CsgA-功能肽的蛋白基因线路导入csgA基因缺失型的宿主，可在细菌外膜自组装形成展示多种功能肽段的工程化curli［68］；（b）通过将trefoil factors（TFFs）与CsgA进行融合，可以组装表面展示TFFs的curli，这种改造后的益生菌可直接用来治疗肠炎［77］；（c）表面展示SpyTag的curli系统与标记SpyCatcher的淀粉水解酶结合，将胞外淀粉降解成麦芽糖，运输到胞内后由胞内的海藻糖合酶催化，实现淀粉的高效生物转化及海藻糖的合成［80］

Fig. 2 Functionalization of curli via fusion with CsgA(a) Gene circuit containing inducible expression of CsgA (with subunits engineered to display various peptide tags) was transformed into a host strain with the endogenous csgA gene deleted;(b) Fusing CsgA with trefoil factors (TFFs) led to the formation of curli nanofibers displaying TTFs. The resultant material was proven to promote intestinal barrier function and epithelial restitution;(c) SpyTag displaying curli was fused with SpyCatcher decorated β-amylase. β-amylase converted the starch into maltose. The maltose was then transported intracellularly and further catalyzed into trehalose through the intracellularly expressed trehalase

图3 利用大肠杆菌生产curli并剥离curli作为生物材料（a）利用大肠杆菌生产curli，随后通过过滤的方法实现体外剥离，再通过溶解以及重复的形式可以进行材料的进一步加工处理［81］；（b）将大肠杆菌体表面的curli以及体内表达的CsgA蛋白单体混合物，通过溶解与固化可将其塑型为多种图案［83］；（c）通过剥离curli并进一步加工成为水塑材料，其不但可以耐受多种有机溶剂及强酸强碱，还可以接合成多种三维形状［82］

Fig. 3 Purified curli as the materials precursors(a) Curli fiber produced by E. coli were purified using a fast and easily accessible vacuum filtration procedure. The fibers were then disassembled, reassembled into thin films, and recycled for further materials processing[81];(b) Generation of diverse patterns with a generic amyloid monomer inks (consisting of genetically engineered biofilm proteins dissolved in hexafluoroisopropanol), along with methanol-assisted curing[83];(c) Aqua plastic was produced by casting and drying purified curli under ambient conditions[82]. The resultant aqua plastic could withstand strong acid/base and organic solvents. In addition, aqua plastic could be healed and welded to form three-dimensional architectures using water

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细菌生物被膜的软物质特性及其工程化应用

Biofilm matrixes-from soft matters to engineered materials

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