关键词: 合成生物学, 有机体, 隐喻, 自主系统, 机器

Abstract:

The inquiry into the essence of organisms has long been a thriving topic in biology and philosophy. Metaphors are commonly employed in biological research to understand life phenomena. These metaphors can be categorized into two types concerning organisms: (1) the machine metaphor, likening the components and organizational structure of organisms to the operation of machines, and (2) the autopoietic system metaphor, likening organisms to complex systems with purposeful and unique attributes. Both metaphors play a epistemic role in various fields of biology, serving as theoretical hypotheses, heuristic tools, and means of scientific communication. The machine metaphor, for instance, has been influential in areas such as molecular biology and systems biology, where organisms are viewed as intricate machines made up of interacting components. The autonomous system metaphor, on the other hand, has been more prominent in theoretical biology and philosophy of biology, highlighting the self-organizing and self-producing nature of living systems.The development of synthetic biology, which aims to redesign and construct biological systems from scratch, has challenged the traditional dichotomy between natural and artificial entities. Both the machine and autonomous system metaphors are reflected in the advancement of synthetic biology, as researchers attempt to engineer living systems using principles and methods borrowed from various disciplines, including engineering, computer science, and materials science.While metaphors serve epistemic purposes, their usage also raises some controversies, particularly in the context of synthetic biology. The conflation of ontological and epistemological metaphors, where metaphors are mistaken for literal descriptions of reality, can lead to ethical concerns. For example, the machine metaphor may suggest that organisms are merely complicated mechanisms to be manipulated, potentially diminishing their intrinsic value and ethical status.This article examines the origin and clarification of these two metaphors, their applications in synthetic biology, and analyzes the potential confusions and ethical implications arising from metaphorical usage. It advocates for a cautious approach to the usage of epistemological metaphors, considering both their epistemic impact and ethical consequences. As synthetic biology continues to advance, it is crucial to maintain a critical and nuanced understanding of the metaphors employed, recognizing their heuristic value while also acknowledging their limitations and potential pitfalls. The discussion of organism metaphors in the context of synthetic biology highlights the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and dialogue between scientists, philosophers, and ethicists. By examining the philosophical and ethical dimensions of biological metaphors, we can better navigate the complex and rapidly evolving landscape of synthetic biology, ensuring that our scientific endeavors are guided by a deep appreciation for the intricate and multifaceted nature of life.

Key words: synthetic biology, organism, metaphor, autonomous system, machine