合成生物学在感染性疾病防治中的应用

doi:10.12211/2096-8280.2020-021

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

合成生物学是一门综合基因组学、分子生物学和工程学等一系列方法和原理而形成的综合性学科。随着合成生物学理论和技术的不断发展，科学家们设计和构建了越来越复杂的基因回路和元件，并开始在各种领域中使用这些系统，其中就包括生物医学领域。因新抗病原体药物研发速度逐渐落后于耐药性病原体出现的速度，感染性疾病的治疗已经成为现代医学重点关注的课题,对此，应用于感染性疾病的合成生物学疗法不断被尝试。本文概述了感染性疾病及其治疗的困难，简述了利用合成生物学对抗感染性疾病的优势和CRISPR技术在感染性疾病诊断中的应用，重点介绍了合成生物学在细菌和病毒感染性疾病治疗中的应用及在感染性疾病预防中的应用，感染性疾病预防具体包括预防性工程菌的构建、疫苗的研发和感染源的改造。通过回顾合成生物学家为研究感染性疾病的治疗及预防做出的努力，期望能获得新的灵感。虽然目前合成生物学疗法还处在试验阶段，但在感染性疾病防治研究中已经取得了不小的进展，可预见合成生物学将在该领域获得突破并做出贡献。

关键词: 合成生物学, CRISPR, 感染性疾病防治, 细菌生物被膜

Abstract:

Synthetic biology is bringing together engineers and biologists to design and create novel biological blocks, networks and pathways, which are used to construct, rewire and reprogram organisms. Over the past two decades, scientists have designed and built increasingly complex circuits and constructs for applications to a variety of settings, including biomedicine. Multidrug-resistant infections have emerged as a major threat to hospitalized patients due to the prevalent and often inappropriate use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, which are associated with the boost of mortality. The technologies of synthetic biology have contributed to the understanding of mechanism and provided design of novel strategies. In this review, we first describe CRISPR-Cas based technology for diagnostics, such as SHERLOCK and DETECTR, and then discuss engineered phages, bacteria and the strategies of synthetic biology for combating drug resistance and bacterial biofilms. Also, synthetic biology principle of ‘analysis by synthesis’ as well as CRISPR technology have been applied to unravel mechanism of viral infectious disease and to develop therapies. Finally, we summarize the applications of synthetic biology in prevention of infectious diseases, including engineered probiotic bacteria, vaccine development and control of infectious vectors.

Key words: synthetic biology, CRISPR, treatment and prevention of infectious diseases, biofilms

中图分类号:

蒲璐, 黄亚佳, 杨帅, 金帆. 合成生物学在感染性疾病防治中的应用[J]. 合成生物学, 2020, 1(2): 141-157.

Lu PU, Yajia HUANG, Shuai YANG, Fan JIN. Applications of synthetic biology in the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases[J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2020, 1(2): 141-157.

图/表 1

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