美德伦理视角下的合成生物学技术伦理治理

doi:10.12211/2096-8280.2021-036

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

当前针对合成生物学技术的伦理治理已取得初步进展，基于后果主义和义务论的合成生物学伦理研究分别从事先规则制定和事后价值评估的角度为合成生物学技术的伦理治理提供了参考，但由于该技术的不确定性特质，已有的伦理治理方案依然在不同程度上面临科林格里奇困境。本研究认为，还应当寻求一条连接前者和后者，能够贯穿整个合成生物学研究过程的伦理治理路径。合成生物学科研人员作为唯一贯穿技术立项、研究及应用全过程的科研主体，对技术发展中的风险决策以及产品构建等都具有主导性影响。本文认为厘清以合成生物学科研人员为对象的伦理规范，将对当前的合成生物学技术治理研究构成有益补充，有效促进该技术的正向发展。为此，文章首先论证合成生物学科研人员伦理道德水平对技术发展与应用的巨大影响；其次讨论已有合成生物学科研人员伦理理论与规范，分析其在实践及理论上的困境；最后，引入美德伦理学视角，从理论角度探讨美德伦理学对合成生物学科研人员伦理规范的指导意义，并在此基础上尝试提出基于美德伦理和生物安全协同共治的合成生物学技术伦理综合治理建议。

关键词: 合成生物学, 美德伦理, 科研人员, 美德教育

Abstract:

The current research on the ethical governance for synthetic biology technology has achieved preliminary progress. The ethical research for synthetic biology based on consequentialism and deontology provides a reference for the ethical governance of synthetic biology technology from the perspectives of pre-rule-making and post-value evaluation. However, synthetic biology technology is an emerging technology, and many questions about its nature, future use, and social consequences remain to be addressed. Due to its uncertain nature, many ethical issues related to synthetic biology technology cannot be reliably identified or analyzed, and it is still impossible to fully predict what ethical issues will arise once the technology is fully developed and entrenched in society. For the above reasons, existing ethical governance programs still face the Colingridge's dilemma to varying degrees. Studies indicate that we should seek an ethical governance path connecting the former and the latter and running through the entire synthetic biology research process. Synthetic biology researchers, as the scientific research subject who runs through the entire process from establishment of the technology project to research and application, have a leading influence on process for risk decision-making and product construction. This work suggests that clarifying the ethical norms for synthetic biology researchers would constitute a useful supplement to the current research on synthetic biology technology governance and effectively promote the technology development. To this end, we first demonstrate the influence of synthetic biology researchers' ethical level on the development and application of the technology; second, explore the ethical theories and norms for synthetic biology researchers, and analyze their practical and theoretical dilemmas; finally, we highlight the perspective of virtue ethics, discusse the guiding significance of virtue ethics to the ethics of synthetic biology researchers from a theoretical perspective, and on this basis propose suggestions on the comprehensive management of synthetic biology technology ethics.

Key words: synthetic biology, virtue ethics, researchers, virtue education

中图分类号:

Q 816

郭思敏, 叶斌, 徐飞. 美德伦理视角下的合成生物学技术伦理治理[J]. 合成生物学, 2022, 3(1): 224-237.

Simin GUO, Bin YE, Fei XU. Ethical governance for synthetic biology technology from the perspective of virtue ethics[J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2022, 3(1): 224-237.

参考文献 49

1	ZHOU B, THAO T T N, HOFFMANN D, et al. SARS-CoV-2 spike D614G change enhances replication and transmission[J]. Nature, 2021, 592(7852): 122-127.
2	THAO T THI NHU, LABROUSSAA F, EBERT N, et al. Rapid reconstruction of SARS-CoV-2 using a synthetic genomics platform[J]. Nature, 2020, 582(7813): 561-565.
3	DE VRIEND H. Constructing life-early social reflections on the emerging field of synthetic biology[M].Hague:RathenauInstitute,2006.
4	翟晓梅, 邱仁宗. 合成生物学: 伦理和管治问题[J]. 科学与社会, 2014, 4(4): 43-52.
	ZHAI X M, QIU R Z. Ethical and governance issues in synthetic biology[J]. Science and Society, 2014, 4(4): 43-52.
5	DOUGLAS T, POWELL R, SAVULESCU J. Is the creation of artificial life morally significant?[J]. Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 2013, 44(4 Pt B): 688-696.
6	SCHMIDT M. Diffusion of synthetic biology: a challenge to biosafety[J]. Systems and Synthetic Biology, 2008, 2(1/2): 1-6.
7	ANDRIANANTOANDRO E, BASU S, KARIG D K, et al. Synthetic biology: new engineering rules for an emerging discipline[J]. Molecular Systems Biology, 2006, 2(1):1-14.
8	程晨, 徐飞. 合成生物学: 工程伦理的实践悖论——从合成生物学对生命、自然及进化的挑战谈起[J]. 自然辩证法研究, 2012, 28(8): 38-42.
	CHENG C, XU F. Synthetic biology: The practice paradox of engineering ethics—starting from challenges which synthetic biology brings to life, nature and evolution[J]. Studies in Dialectics of Nature, 2012, 28(8): 38-42.
9	马诗雯, 王国豫. 如何应对合成生物学的不确定性——《合成生物学的监管: 生物砖, 生物朋克与生物企业》评介[J]. 科学与社会, 2019, 9(3): 124-136.
	MA S W, WANG G Y. How to compromise the uncertainty of synthetic Biology? A review of regulation of synthetic biology: bioBricks, biopunks and bioentrepreneurs[J]. Science and Society, 2019, 9(3): 124-136.
10	闫欣, 刘中国, 陈月芹, 等. 医学伦理委员会建设发展中的现存问题及其分析[J]. 中国药物与临床, 2016, 16(3): 363-365.
	YAN X, LIU Z G, CHEN Y Q, et al. Existing problems and analysis in the construction and development of medical ethics committees[J]. Chinese Remedies & Clinics, 2016, 16(3): 363-365.
11	MUSICK D W. Teaching medical ethics: A review of the literature from North American medical schools with emphasis on education[J]. Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy, 1999, 2(3): 239-254.
12	Forschungsmeinschaft Deutsche. Synthetic biology-opportunities and risk[R]. DFG,acatech and Leopoldina present joint statement,2009.
13	张婉, 徐飞. 合成生物学伦理问题研究态势分析[J]. 医学与哲学, 2020, 41(9): 41-47.
	ZHANG W, XU F. Analysis of the research progress on the ethical issues of synthetic biology[J]. Medicine & Philosophy, 2020, 41(9): 41-47.
14	What was the reaction to Prof He doing this[EB/OL].[2020-12-01](2021-01-30)..
15	[美]Steneck N H. 科研伦理入门:ORI介绍负责任研究行为[M]. 曹南燕,吴寿乾,姚莉萍,译. 清华大学出版社, 2005.
	STENECK N H. ORI Introduction to the responsible conduct of research[M]. CAO N Y,WU S Q,YAO L P,trans. Beijing:Tsinghua University Press, 2005.
16	COYNE L. The ethics and ontology of synthetic biology: a neo-Aristotelian perspective[J]. NanoEthics, 2020, 14(1): 43-55.
17	BOERS S N, DELDEN J J VAN, CLEVERS H, et al. Organoid biobanking: identifying the ethics: organoids revive old and raise new ethical challenges for basic research and therapeutic use[J]. EMBO Reports, 2016, 17(7): 938-941.
18	BREDENOORD A L, CLEVERS H, KNOBLICH J A. Human tissues in a dish: The research and ethical implications of organoid technology[J]. Science, 2017, 355(6322): eaaf9414.
19	What is HIT-CF Europe[EB/OL].[2018-11-28](2021-01-30)..
20	Mill J S. Ethics: History, theory and contemporary issues[M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press,1863: 317-351.
21	LATHAM D.Backyard biology: investigate habitats outside your door with 25 projects[M].Vermont:Nomad Press,2013.
22	WITZE A. People: The science life: Contest brings out the biohackers[J]. Science News, 2013, 183(1): 32.
23	DOUGLAS T, SAVULESCU J. Synthetic biology and the ethics of knowledge[J]. Journal of Medical Ethics, 2010, 36(11): 687-693.
24	EASTERBROOK F H, FISCHEL D R. The corporate contract, the economic structure of corporate law[M]. Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press,1991:1– 39.
25	ORLIKOWSKI W J. Using technology and constituting structures: a practice lens for studying technology in organizations[M]//resources, co-evolution and artifacts. Springer, 2008: 255-305.
26	KUDINA O, VERBEEK P P. Ethics from within: Google glass, the collingridge dilemma, and the mediated value of privacy[J]. Science, Technology, & Human Values, 2019, 44(2): 291-314.
27	HURSTHOUSE R. On virtue ethics[M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press,2002.
28	WHETSTONE J T. The language of managerial excellence: Virtues as understood and applied[J]. Journal of Business Ethics, 2003, 44(4): 343-357.
29	BANKS J S. Virtue ethics in the conduct and governance of social science research[M]. Bingley: Emerald Publishing Limited,2018.
30	MACINTYRE A. After virtue: A study in moral theory[M]. 3rd Revised edition. University of Notre Dame Press, 2007.
31	THOMPSON D F. Responsibility for failures of government[J]. The American Review of Public Administration, 2014, 44(3): 259-273.
32	CRISP R, SLOTE M. Virtue Ethics[M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press,1997:243.
33	ROBERTSON M. The case for ethics review in the social sciences: Drawing from practice at Queen Mary University of London[J]. Research Ethics,2014,10(2):69-76.
34	DREES W B. "playing God? yes!" religion in the light of technology[J]. Zygon®, 2002, 37(3): 643-654.
35	BARTH K. Church dogmatics[M]. Edinburgh:T. & T. Clark Publishers, Ltd.,1969.
36	LEFFEL G M, OAKES MUELLER R A, CURLIN F A, et al. Relevance of the rationalist-intuitionist debate for ethics and professionalism in medical education[J]. Advances in Health Sciences Education, 2015, 20(5): 1371-1383.
37	BREY P A E. Anticipatory ethics for emerging technologies[J]. NanoEthics, 2012, 6(1): 1-13.
38	ATHANASSOULIS N. A response to harman: virtue ethics and character traits[J]. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society (Hardback), 2000, 100(1): 215-221.
39	中华人民共和国生物安全法[M].北京:中国法制出版社,2020.
	China Legal Publishing House. Biosafety Law of the People's Republic of China[M]. Beijing: China Legal Publishing House,2020.
40	默顿 R K.科学社会学[M].鲁旭东,林聚任,译.北京:商务印书馆,2003(11): 363.
	MERTON R K. The sociology of science:theoretical and empirical investigation[M]. LU X D,LIN J R,trans. Beijing: The Commerical Press,2003(11): 363.
41	HENDRY D G, FRIEDMAN B, BALLARD S. Value sensitive design as a formative framework[J]. Ethics and Information Technology, 2021, 23(1): 39-44.
42	杨伯峻,译.孟子译注[M].北京:中华书局,1960:1-25.
	Yang B J, translated.Annotated Mencius[M]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1960:1-25.
43	Gene drives spread their wings. CRISPR brings a powerful genetic tool closer to reality. Are we ready?[EB/OL]. [2015-12-2](2021-4-21)..
44	GROSZ B J, GRANT D G, VREDENBURGH K, et al. Embedded EthiCS[J]. Communications of the ACM, 2019, 62(8): 54-61.
45	BANDURA A. Social learning of moral judgments[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1969, 11(3): 275-279.
46	SCHNALL S, ROPER J, FESSLER D M T. Elevation leads to altruistic behavior[J]. Psychological Science, 2010, 21(3): 315-320.
47	PENNOCK R T. Fostering a culture of scientific integrity: Legalistic vs. scientific virtue-based approaches[R]. Professional Ethics Report: Newsletter of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Committee on Scientific Freedom & Responsibility, Professional Society Ethics Group, 2015, 28(2): 450-454.
48	FERRARI M, BANG H, ARDELT M, et al. Educating for virtue: How wisdom coordinates informal, non-formal and formal education in motivation to virtue in Canada and South Korea[J]. Journal of Moral Education, 2019, 48(1): 47-64.
49	HAN H M. Virtue Ethics, Positive Psychology, and a new model of science and engineering ethics education[J]. Science & Engineering Ethics, 2015, 21(2):441-460.

[1]	刁志钿, 王喜先, 孙晴, 徐健, 马波. 单细胞拉曼光谱测试分选装备研制及应用进展[J]. 合成生物学, 2023, 4(5): 1020-1035.
[2]	卢挥, 张芳丽, 黄磊. 合成生物学自动化装置iBioFoundry的构建与应用[J]. 合成生物学, 2023, 4(5): 877-891.
[3]	白仲虎, 任和, 聂简琪, 孙杨. 高通量平行发酵技术的发展与应用[J]. 合成生物学, 2023, 4(5): 904-915.
[4]	吴玉洁, 刘欣欣, 刘健慧, 杨开广, 随志刚, 张丽华, 张玉奎. 基于高通量液相色谱质谱技术的菌株筛选与关键分子定量分析研究进展[J]. 合成生物学, 2023, 4(5): 1000-1019.
[5]	胡哲辉, 徐娟, 卞光凯. 自动化高通量技术在天然产物生物合成中的应用[J]. 合成生物学, 2023, 4(5): 932-946.
[6]	刘欢, 崔球. 原位电离质谱技术在微生物菌株筛选中的应用进展[J]. 合成生物学, 2023, 4(5): 980-999.
[7]	王雁南, 孙宇辉. 碱基编辑技术及其在微生物合成生物学中的应用[J]. 合成生物学, 2023, 4(4): 720-737.
[8]	刘晚秋, 季向阳, 许慧玲, 卢屹聪, 李健. 限制性内切酶的无细胞快速制备研究[J]. 合成生物学, 2023, 4(4): 840-851.
[9]	孙美莉, 王凯峰, 陆然, 纪晓俊. 解脂耶氏酵母底盘细胞的工程改造及应用[J]. 合成生物学, 2023, 4(4): 779-807.
[10]	孙智, 杨宁, 娄春波, 汤超, 杨晓静. 功能拓扑的理性设计及其在合成生物学中的应用[J]. 合成生物学, 2023, 4(3): 444-463.
[11]	赖奇龙, 姚帅, 查毓国, 白虹, 宁康. 微生物组生物合成基因簇发掘方法及应用前景[J]. 合成生物学, 2023, 4(3): 611-627.
[12]	孟巧珍, 郭菲. “可折叠性”在酶智能设计改造中的应用研究——以AlphaFold2为例[J]. 合成生物学, 2023, 4(3): 571-589.
[13]	王晟, 王泽琛, 陈威华, 陈珂, 彭向达, 欧发芬, 郑良振, 孙瑨原, 沈涛, 赵国屏. 基于人工智能和计算生物学的合成生物学元件设计[J]. 合成生物学, 2023, 4(3): 422-443.
[14]	吕海龙, 王建, 吕浩, 王金, 徐勇, 顾大勇. 合成生物学在下一代基因诊断技术中的应用进展[J]. 合成生物学, 2023, 4(2): 318-332.
[15]	申赵铃, 吴艳玲, 应天雷. 合成生物学与病毒疫苗研发[J]. 合成生物学, 2023, 4(2): 333-346.