Progress of microbial electrosynthesis for conversion of CO2

doi:10.12211/2096-8280.2023-107

Abstract

Abstract:

In order to achieve carbon neutrality and green economy, people use biorefinery technology to transform and utilize CO₂. Microbial electrosynthesis (MES) is an emerging technology that converts CO₂ into chemicals by electrically driven biocatalysts. Currently, the low efficiency of microbial carbon sequestration, an incomplete understanding of electron transfer mechanisms, low synthesis rate, and poor applicability of reactor components have been the limiting factors for the large-scale application of MES. In this paper, the mechanisms of electron supply in the MES system, including through electrodes and electron donors such as H₂, formic acid, CO, and other molecules, are systematically reviewed based on how cathodic microorganisms obtain electrons. It is an effective method to improve electron transport efficiency by modifying conductive nanowires of electroactive microorganisms and optimizing the expression of microbially associated hydrogenase, formate dehydrogenase and CO dehydrogenase using synthetic biology techniques. Additionally, cathode modification aimed at improving electron transfer rates between microbes and electrodes, enhancing the biocompatibility, and providing more reducing power can facilitate the generation of value-added products. In addition to enhancing the electron transfer efficiency of the cathode, the construction of a reactor with high efficiency of gas-liquid-solid mass transfer and electron transfer, the reduction of anode potential for water electrolysis, and the regulation of microbial activity are also important strategies to enhance MES performance. In the future, it is necessary to further elucidate the mechanism of microbial electron transport and strengthen the performance of MES by means of synthetic biological communities, and by designing a more efficient electrode interface that balances electron transfer rate, substrate mass transfer and biocompatibility. In terms of the scaling-up of reaction devices, electron transfer and gas mass transfer can be improved through the combination of various methods, and integrating product separation processes can promote the further development of the technology and provide new ideas for the realization of the “Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality” goal.

Key words: microbial electrosynthesis, CO₂ conversion, electron transfer mechanisms, chemicals, synthetic biology

摘要：

为了实现碳中和绿色经济，人们利用生物炼制技术对二氧化碳（CO₂）进行转化利用。其中，微生物电合成（MES）是通过电能驱动生物催化剂将CO₂转化为化学品的新兴技术。目前MES仍存在微生物固碳效率低、电子传递机制未明确、产品合成速率低、反应器元件适用性差等问题，这成为其规模化应用的限制因素。本文基于阴极微生物获得电子的途径，系统综述了电极、H₂、甲酸、CO以及其他电子供体在MES系统内的电子供给机制。通过合成生物学改造电活性微生物的导电纳米线，优化微生物相关氢化酶、甲酸脱氢酶和CO脱氢酶的表达是提高电子传递效率的有效方法。进一步通过阴极修饰，强化微生物-电极间电子传递速率、提高生物相容性，提供更多的还原力有利于高附加值产物的生成。除了增强阴极的电子传递效率，构建具有高效气液固传质和电子传递的反应器、降低阳极电解水电位和调控微生物活性等也被证明是提高MES性能的重要策略。未来需要进一步解析微生物电子传递机制，利用合成生物群落的方式强化MES的性能，并构建更加高效的电极界面，兼顾电子传递速率、底物传质和生物相容性。反应装置放大方面，可通过多种方式的结合来提升电子传递和气体传质，并将产物的分离也融合在一起，推动该技术的进一步发展，为“双碳”目标的实现提供新思路。

关键词: 微生物电合成, CO₂转化, 电子传递机制, 化学品, 合成生物学

CLC Number:

Q816

Yu CHEN, Kang ZHANG, Yijing QIU, Caiyun CHENG, Jingjing YIN, Tianshun SONG, Jingjing XIE. Progress of microbial electrosynthesis for conversion of CO₂[J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2024, 5(5): 1142-1168.

陈雨, 张康, 邱以婧, 程彩云, 殷晶晶, 宋天顺, 谢婧婧. 微生物电合成技术转化二氧化碳研究进展[J]. 合成生物学, 2024, 5(5): 1142-1168.

Figures/Tables 10

References 154

1	蔡韬, 刘玉万, 朱蕾蕾, 等. 二氧化碳人工生物转化[J]. 生物工程学报, 2022, 38(11): 4101-4114.
	CAI T, LIU Y W, ZHU L L, et al. Artificial bioconversion of carbon dioxide[J]. Chinese Journal of Biotechnology, 2022, 38(11): 4101-4114.
2	MARTENS J A, BOGAERTS A, DE KIMPE N, et al. The chemical route to a carbon dioxide neutral world[J]. ChemSusChem, 2017, 10(6): 1039-1055.
3	GEORGE A, SHEN B X, CRAVEN M, et al. A review of non-thermal plasma technology: a novel solution for CO₂ conversion and utilization[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2021, 135: 109702.
4	JEFFRY L, ONG M Y, NOMANBHAY S, et al. Greenhouse gases utilization: a review[J]. Fuel, 2021, 301: 121017.
5	MUSTAFA A, LOUGOU B G, SHUAI Y, et al. Current technology development for CO₂ utilization into solar fuels and chemicals: a review[J]. Journal of Energy Chemistry, 2020, 49: 96-123.
6	IDERIS F, SHAMSUDDIN A H, NOMANBHAY S, et al. Optimization of ultrasound-assisted oil extraction from Canarium odontophyllum kernel as a novel biodiesel feedstock[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021, 288: 125563.
7	MEI D H, ZHU X B, WU C F, et al. Plasma-photocatalytic conversion of CO₂ at low temperatures: understanding the synergistic effect of plasma-catalysis[J]. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2016, 182: 525-532.
8	ANTOLINI D, AIL S S, PATUZZI F, et al. Experimental investigations of air-CO₂ biomass gasification in reversed downdraft gasifier[J]. Fuel, 2019, 253: 1473-1481.
9	HASHEMZEHI M, PIROUZFAR V, NAYEBZADEH H, et al. Effect of synthesizing conditions on the activity of zinc-copper aluminate nanocatalyst prepared by microwave combustion method used in the esterification reaction[J]. Fuel, 2020, 263: 116422.
10	QIN Y, NIU G H, WANG X, et al. Status of CO₂ conversion using microwave plasma[J]. Journal of CO₂ Utilization, 2018, 28: 283-291.
11	MA Z L, LIU W, YANG W, et al. Temperature effects on redox potentials and implications to semiconductor photocatalysis[J]. Fuel, 2021, 286: 119490.
12	STRIŪGAS N, TAMOŠIŪNAS A, MARCINAUSKAS L, et al. A sustainable approach for plasma reforming of tail biogas for onsite syngas production during lean combustion operation[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2020, 209: 112617.
13	许红艳, 杨慧娇, 孙功建. 基于大概念及多角度探讨的跨学科项目式教学: 实现“碳达峰、碳中和”的途径研究[J]. 化学教育, 2023, 44(23): 49-58.
	XU H Y, YANG H J, SUN G J. Interdisciplinary project-based teaching based on big ideas and multi-angle discussions: ways of achieving “carbon peak and carbon neutralization”[J]. Chinese Journal of Chemical Education, 2023, 44(23): 49-58.
14	余碧莹, 赵光普, 安润颖, 等. 碳中和目标下中国碳排放路径研究[J]. 北京理工大学学报(社会科学版), 2021, 23(2): 17-24.
	YU B Y, ZHAO G P, AN R Y, et al. Research on China’s CO₂ emission pathway under carbon neutral target[J]. Journal of Beijing Institute of Technology (Social Sciences Edition), 2021, 23(2): 17-24.
15	张贤, 郭偲悦, 孔慧, 等. 碳中和愿景的科技需求与技术路径[J]. 中国环境管理, 2021, 13(1): 65-70.
	ZHANG X, GUO S Y, KONG H, et al. Technology demands and approach of carbon neutrality vision[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Management, 2021, 13(1): 65-70.
16	胡鞍钢. 中国实现2030年前碳达峰目标及主要途径[J]. 北京工业大学学报(社会科学版), 2021, 21(3): 1-15.
	HU A G. China's goal of achieving carbon peak by 2030 and its main approaches[J]. Journal of Beijing University of Technology (Social Sciences Edition), 2021, 21(3): 1-15.
17	ALBERTZ M, STEWART S A, GOTETI R. Perspectives on geologic carbon storage[J]. Frontiers in Energy Research, 2023, 10: 1071735.
18	AJAYI T, GOMES J S, BERA A. A review of CO₂ storage in geological formations emphasizing modeling, monitoring and capacity estimation approaches[J]. Petroleum Science, 2019, 16(5): 1028-1063.
19	RAFIEE A, RAJAB KHALILPOUR K, MILANI D, et al. Trends in CO₂ conversion and utilization: a review from process systems perspective[J]. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2018, 6(5): 5771-5794.
20	BELMABKHOUT Y, GUILLERM V, EDDAOUDI M. Low concentration CO₂ capture using physical adsorbents: are metal-organic frameworks becoming the new benchmark materials?[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2016, 296: 386-397.
21	史硕博, 王禹博, 乔玮博, 等. 第三代生物炼制的挑战与机遇[J]. 科学通报, 2023, 68(19): 2489-2503.
	SHI S B, WANG Y B, QIAO W B, et al. Challenges and opportunities in the third-generation biorefinery[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2023, 68(19): 2489-2503.
22	王凯, 刘子鹤, 陈必强, 等. 微生物利用二氧化碳合成燃料及化学品: 第三代生物炼制[J]. 合成生物学, 2020, 1(1): 60-70.
	WANG K, LIU Z H, CHEN B Q, et al. Microbial utilization of carbon dioxide to synthesize fuels and chemicals — third-generation biorefineries[J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2020, 1(1): 60-70.
23	WANG H M, REN Z J. A comprehensive review of microbial electrochemical systems as a platform technology[J]. Biotechnology Advances, 2013, 31(8): 1796-1807.
24	JIANG Y, MAY H D, LU L, et al. Carbon dioxide and organic waste valorization by microbial electrosynthesis and electro-fermentation[J]. Water Research, 2019, 149: 42-55.
25	BIAN B, BAJRACHARYA S, XU J J, et al. Microbial electrosynthesis from CO₂: challenges, opportunities and perspectives in the context of circular bioeconomy[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2020, 302: 122863.
26	DESSÌ P, ROVIRA-ALSINA L, SÁNCHEZ C, et al. Microbial electrosynthesis: towards sustainable biorefineries for production of green chemicals from CO₂ emissions[J]. Biotechnology Advances, 2021, 46: 107675.
27	PRÉVOTEAU A, CARVAJAL-ARROYO J M, GANIGUÉ R, et al. Microbial electrosynthesis from CO₂: forever a promise?[J]. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 2020, 62: 48-57.
28	ESPARZA M, JEDLICKI E, DOPSON M, et al. Expression and activity of the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle transcriptional regulator CbbR from Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans in Ralstonia eutropha [J]. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 2015, 362(15): fnv108.
29	ZHANG L, ZHAO R, JIA D C, et al. Engineering Clostridium ljungdahlii as the gas-fermenting cell factory for the production of biofuels and biochemicals[J]. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, 2020, 59: 54-61.
30	RICHTER H, MOLITOR B, WEI H, et al. Ethanol production in syngas-fermenting Clostridium ljungdahlii is controlled by thermodynamics rather than by enzyme expression[J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2016, 9(7): 2392-2399.
31	SHIN H J, JUNG K A, NAM C W, et al. A genetic approach for microbial electrosynthesis system as biocommodities production platform[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2017, 245(Pt B): 1421-1429.
32	KÖPKE M, HELD C, HUJER S, et al. Clostridium ljungdahlii represents a microbial production platform based on syngas[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2010, 107(29): 13087-13092.
33	JOURDIN L, BURDYNY T. Microbial electrosynthesis: where do we go from here?[J]. Trends in Biotechnology, 2021, 39(4): 359-369.
34	BAJRACHARYA S, KRIGE A, MATSAKAS L, et al. Advances in cathode designs and reactor configurations of microbial electrosynthesis systems to facilitate gas electro-fermentation[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2022, 354: 127178.
35	LEE S Y, OH Y K, LEE S M, et al. Recent developments and key barriers to microbial CO₂ electrobiorefinery[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2021, 320(Pt A): 124350.
36	CHEN H, DONG F Y, MINTEER S D. The progress and outlook of bioelectrocatalysis for the production of chemicals, fuels and materials[J]. Nature Catalysis, 2020, 3: 225-244.
37	KRACKE F, VASSILEV I, KRÖMER J O. Microbial electron transport and energy conservation — the foundation for optimizing bioelectrochemical systems[J]. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2015, 6: 575.
38	RICHTER H, NEVIN K P, JIA H F, et al. Cyclic voltammetry of biofilms of wild type and mutant Geobacter sulfurreducens on fuel cell anodes indicates possible roles of OmcB, OmcZ, type Ⅳ pili, and protons in extracellular electron transfer[J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2009, 2(5): 506-516.
39	BREUER M, ROSSO K M, BLUMBERGER J, et al. Multi-haem cytochromes in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1: structures, functions and opportunities[J]. Journal of the Royal Society, Interface, 2015, 12(102): 20141117.
40	TERAVEST M A, AJO-FRANKLIN C M. Transforming exoelectrogens for biotechnology using synthetic biology[J]. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 2016, 113(4): 687-697.
41	REGUERA G, MCCARTHY K D, MEHTA T, et al. Extracellular electron transfer via microbial nanowires[J]. Nature, 2005, 435(7045): 1098-1101.
42	WALKER D J F, ADHIKARI R Y, HOLMES D E, et al. Electrically conductive pili from pilin genes of phylogenetically diverse microorganisms[J]. The ISME Journal, 2018, 12(1): 48-58.
43	SUN W N, LIN Z F, YU Q Z, et al. Promoting extracellular electron transfer of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 by optimizing the periplasmic cytochrome c network[J]. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2021, 12: 727709.
44	DELGADO V P, PAQUETE C M, STURM G, et al. Improvement of the electron transfer rate in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 using a tailored periplasmic protein composition[J]. Bioelectrochemistry, 2019, 129: 18-25.
45	LOVLEY D R, YAO J. Intrinsically conductive microbial nanowires for 'green' electronics with novel functions[J]. Trends in Biotechnology, 2021, 39(9): 940-952.
46	WANG F B, GU Y Q, O'BRIEN J P, et al. Structure of microbial nanowires reveals stacked hemes that transport electrons over micrometers[J]. Cell, 2019, 177(2): 361-369. e10.
47	LIU X, ZHAN J, JING X Y, et al. A pilin chaperone required for the expression of electrically conductive Geobacter sulfurreducens pili[J]. Environmental Microbiology, 2019, 21(7): 2511-2522.
48	LEANG C, UEKI T, NEVIN K P, et al. A genetic system for Clostridium ljungdahlii: a chassis for autotrophic production of biocommodities and a model homoacetogen[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2013, 79(4): 1102-1109.
49	SHAPIRO D M, MANDAVA G, YALCIN S E, et al. Protein nanowires with tunable functionality and programmable self-assembly using sequence-controlled synthesis[J]. Nature Communications, 2022, 13(1): 829.
50	UEKI T, WALKER D J F, TREMBLAY P L, et al. Decorating the outer surface of microbially produced protein nanowires with peptides[J]. ACS Synthetic Biology, 2019, 8(8): 1809-1817.
51	SONG T S, ZHANG H K, LIU H X, et al. High efficiency microbial electrosynthesis of acetate from carbon dioxide by a self-assembled electroactive biofilm[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2017, 243: 573-582.
52	SONG T S, FEI K Q, ZHANG H K, et al. High efficiency microbial electrosynthesis of acetate from carbon dioxide using a novel grapheme-nickel foam as cathode[J]. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 2018, 93(2): 457-466.
53	TAHIR K, MAILE N, GHANI A A, et al. Development of a three-dimensional macroporous sponge biocathode coated with carbon nanotube-MXene composite for high-performance microbial electrosynthesis systems[J]. Bioelectrochemistry, 2022, 146: 108140.
54	MARSHALL C W, ROSS D E, FICHOT E B, et al. Long-term operation of microbial electrosynthesis systems improves acetate production by autotrophic microbiomes[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2013, 47(11): 6023-6029.
55	JOURDIN L, GRIEGER T, MONETTI J, et al. High acetic acid production rate obtained by microbial electrosynthesis from carbon dioxide[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2015, 49(22): 13566-13574.
56	NIE H R, ZHANG T, CUI M M, et al. Improved cathode for high efficient microbial-catalyzed reduction in microbial electrosynthesis cells[J]. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2013, 15(34): 14290-14294.
57	ZHANG T, NIE H R, BAIN T S, et al. Improved cathode materials for microbial electrosynthesis[J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2013, 6(1): 217-224.
58	TIAN S H, WANG H Q, DONG Z W, et al. Mo₂C-induced hydrogen production enhances microbial electrosynthesis of acetate from CO₂ reduction[J]. Biotechnology for Biofuels, 2019, 12: 71.
59	BIAN Y H, LEININGER A, MAY H D, et al. H₂ mediated mixed culture microbial electrosynthesis for high titer acetate production from CO₂ [J]. Environmental Science and Ecotechnology, 2024, 19: 100324.
60	CUI K, XUE X Y, PAN Z Y, et al. Selective enrichment of homoacetogens and optimization of the operational conditions for effective acetate production in hydrogen-mediated microbial electrosynthesis reactors[J]. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 2023, 198: 109035.
61	TREMBLAY P L, ANGENENT L T, ZHANG T. Extracellular electron uptake: among autotrophs and mediated by surfaces[J]. Trends in Biotechnology, 2017, 35(4): 360-371.
62	SCHUCHMANN K, MÜLLER V. Autotrophy at the thermodynamic limit of life: a model for energy conservation in acetogenic bacteria[J]. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2014, 12(12): 809-821.
63	TREMBLAY P L, ZHANG T, DAR S A, et al. The Rnf complex of Clostridium ljungdahlii is a proton-translocating ferredoxin: NAD⁺ oxidoreductase essential for autotrophic growth[J]. mBio, 2013, 4(1): e00406-12.
64	CHAO Y, LI Z, ZHAO D D, et al. Engineering an efficient H₂ utilizing Escherichia coli platform by modulation of endogenous hydrogenases[J]. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 2021, 166: 107851.
65	LI W M, CHENG C, CAO G L, et al. Comparative transcriptome analysis of Clostridium tyrobutyricum expressing a heterologous uptake hydrogenase[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2020, 749: 142022.
66	LAUTERBACH L, LENZ O. How to make the reducing power of H₂ available for in vivo biosyntheses and biotransformations[J]. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, 2019, 49: 91-96.
67	LUDWIG M, CRACKNELL J A, VINCENT K A, et al. Oxygen-tolerant H₂ oxidation by membrane-bound [NiFe] hydrogenases of ralstonia species. Coping with low level H₂ in air[J]. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2009, 284(1): 465-477.
68	KLEIHUES L, LENZ O, BERNHARD M, et al. The H₂ sensor of Ralstonia eutropha is a member of the subclass of regulatory [NiFe] hydrogenases[J]. Journal of Bacteriology, 2000, 182(10): 2716-2724.
69	YANG Y G, WANG Z G, GAN C F, et al. Long-distance electron transfer in a filamentous Gram-positive bacterium[J]. Nature Communications, 2021, 12(1): 1709.
70	KORTLÜKE C, HORSTMANN K, SCHWARTZ E, et al. A gene complex coding for the membrane-bound hydrogenase of Alcaligenes eutrophus H16[J]. Journal of Bacteriology, 1992, 174(19): 6277-6289.
71	WU H L, PAN H J, LI Z J, et al. Efficient production of lycopene from CO₂ via microbial electrosynthesis[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2022, 430: 132943.
72	LI Z K, XIN X Q, XIONG B, et al. Engineering the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle and hydrogen utilization pathway of Ralstonia eutropha for improved autotrophic growth and polyhydroxybutyrate production[J]. Microbial Cell Factories, 2020, 19(1): 228.
73	ZHU H F, LIU Z Y, ZHOU X, et al. Energy conservation and carbon flux distribution during fermentation of CO or H₂/CO₂ by Clostridium ljungdahlii [J]. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2020, 11: 416.
74	HERMANN M, TELEKI A, WEITZ S, et al. Electron availability in CO₂, CO and H₂ mixtures constrains flux distribution, energy management and product formation in Clostridium ljungdahlii [J]. Microbial Biotechnology, 2020, 13(6): 1831-1846.
75	BLANCHET E, DUQUENNE F, RAFRAFI Y, et al. Importance of the hydrogen route in up-scaling electrosynthesis for microbial CO₂ reduction[J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2015, 8(12): 3731-3744.
76	FONTMORIN J M, IZADI P, LI D, et al. Gas diffusion electrodes modified with binary doped polyaniline for enhanced CO₂ conversion during microbial electrosynthesis[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2021, 372: 137853.
77	SONG T S, FU L, WAN N K, et al. Hydrothermal synthesis of MoS₂ nanoflowers for an efficient microbial electrosynthesis of acetate from CO₂ [J]. Journal of CO₂ Utilization, 2020, 41: 101231.
78	TIAN S H, HE J, HUANG H F, et al. Perovskite-based multifunctional cathode with simultaneous supplementation of substrates and electrons for enhanced microbial electrosynthesis of organics[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2020, 12(27): 30449-30456.
79	LIU C, COLÓN B C, ZIESACK M, et al. Water splitting-biosynthetic system with CO₂ reduction efficiencies exceeding photosynthesis[J]. Science, 2016, 352(6290): 1210-1213.
80	LUO D, DING H, GUO T, et al. Self-assembly of graphene oxide and Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 formed a conductive bio-abiotic composite for enhancing microbial electrosynthesis performance[J]. Renewable Energy, 2023, 215: 119018.
81	CAI Z H, HUANG L P, QUAN X, et al. Acetate production from inorganic carbon (HCO₃ ^-) in photo-assisted biocathode microbial electrosynthesis systems using WO₃/MoO₃/g-C₃N₄ heterojunctions and Serratia marcescens species[J]. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2020, 267: 118611.
82	KONG W F, HUANG L P, QUAN X, et al. Efficient production of acetate from inorganic carbon (HCO₃ ^-) in microbial electrosynthesis systems incorporating Ag₃PO₄/g-C₃N₄ anaerobic photo-assisted biocathodes[J]. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2021, 284: 119696.
83	KONG W F, HUANG L P, QUAN X, et al. Synergistic induced charge transfer switch by oxygen vacancy and pyrrolic nitrogen in MnFe₂O₄/g-C₃N₄ heterojunctions for efficient transformation of bicarbonate to acetate in photo-assisted MES[J]. Applied Catalysis B: Environment and Energy, 2022, 307: 121214.
84	KONG W F, HUANG L P, QUAN X, et al. A light-management film layer induces dramatically enhanced acetate production in photo-assisted microbial electrosynthesis systems[J]. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2023, 324: 122247.
85	SONG T S, LI T, TAO R, et al. CuO/g-C₃N₄ heterojunction photocathode enhances the microbial electrosynthesis of acetate through CO₂ reduction[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2022, 818: 151820.
86	LI T, ZHANG K, LUO D, et al. CuO/g-C₃N₄/rGO multifunctional photocathode with simultaneous enhancement of electron transfer and substrate mass transfer facilitates microbial electrosynthesis of acetate[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2022, 47(82): 34875-34886.
87	LI T, ZHANG K, SONG T S, et al. α-Fe₂O₃/g-C₃N₄ Z-scheme heterojunction photocathode to enhance microbial electrosynthesis of acetate from CO₂ [J]. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2022, 10(51): 17308-17317.
88	IZADI P, FONTMORIN J M, VIRDIS B, et al. The effect of the polarised cathode, formate and ethanol on chain elongation of acetate in microbial electrosynthesis[J]. Applied Energy, 2021, 283: 116310.
89	BANG J H, LEE S Y. Assimilation of formic acid and CO₂ by engineered Escherichia coli equipped with reconstructed one-carbon assimilation pathways[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2018, 115(40): E9271-E9279.
90	LI H, OPGENORTH P H, WERNICK D G, et al. Integrated electromicrobial conversion of CO₂ to higher alcohols[J]. Science, 2012, 335(6076): 1596.
91	NIKS D, DUVVURU J, ESCALONA M, et al. Spectroscopic and kinetic properties of the molybdenum-containing, NAD⁺-dependent formate dehydrogenase from Ralstonia eutropha [J]. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2016, 291(3): 1162-1174.
92	CALVEY C H, SÀNCHEZ V S I, WHITE A M, et al. Improving growth of Cupriavidus necator H16 on formate using adaptive laboratory evolution-informed engineering[J]. Metabolic Engineering, 2023, 75: 78-90.
93	COLLAS F, DRONSELLA B B, KUBIS A, et al. Engineering the biological conversion of formate into crotonate in Cupriavidus necator [J]. Metabolic Engineering, 2023, 79: 49-65.
94	BLACK W B, ZHANG L Y, KAMOKU C, et al. Rearrangement of coenzyme A-acylated carbon chain enables synthesis of isobutanol via a novel pathway in Ralstonia eutropha [J]. ACS Synthetic Biology, 2018, 7(3): 794-800.
95	STRAUB M, DEMLER M, WEUSTER-BOTZ D, et al. Selective enhancement of autotrophic acetate production with genetically modified Acetobacterium woodii [J]. Journal of Biotechnology, 2014, 178: 67-72.
96	QIU Z Y, ZHANG K, LI X L, et al. Sn promotes formate production to enhance microbial electrosynthesis of acetate via indirect electron transport[J]. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 2023, 192: 108842.
97	LIM J K, CHOI S Y, LEE J W, et al. Biohybrid CO₂ electrolysis for the direct synthesis of polyesters from CO₂ [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2023, 120(14): e2221438120.
98	LIU X J, ZHANG K, SUN Y D, et al. Upgrading CO₂ into acetate on Bi₂O₃@carbon felt integrated electrode via coupling electrocatalysis with microbial synthesis[J]. SusMat, 2023, 3(2): 235-247.
99	JACK J, LO J, MANESS P C, et al. Directing Clostridium ljungdahlii fermentation products via hydrogen to carbon monoxide ratio in syngas[J]. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2019, 124: 95-101.
100	FAST A G, PAPOUTSAKIS E T. Functional expression of the Clostridium ljungdahlii acetyl-coenzyme a synthase in Clostridium acetobutylicum as demonstrated by a novel in vivo CO exchange activity en route to heterologous installation of a functional Wood-Ljungdahl pathway[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2018, 84(7): e02307-17.
101	KANG H, PARK B, OH S, et al. Metabolism perturbation caused by the overexpression of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase/acetyl-CoA synthase gene complex accelerated gas to acetate conversion rate of Eubacterium limosum KIST612[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2021, 341: 125879.
102	SONG Y E, KIM C M, BAEK J Y, et al. Increased CODH activity in a bioelectrochemical system improves microbial electrosynthesis with CO[J]. Sustainable Energy & Fuels, 2020, 4(12): 5952-5957.
103	CHU N, LIANG Q J, ZHANG W, et al. Waste C₁ gases as alternatives to pure CO₂ improved the microbial electrosynthesis of C₄ and C₆ carboxylates[J]. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2020, 8(23): 8773-8782.
104	ZHU X B, JACK J, BIAN Y H, et al. Electrocatalytic membranes for tunable syngas production and high-efficiency delivery to biocompatible electrolytes[J]. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2021, 9(17): 6012-6022.
105	ZHU X B, JACK J, LEININGER A, et al. Syngas mediated microbial electrosynthesis for CO₂ to acetate conversion using Clostridium ljungdahlii [J]. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2022, 184: 106395.
106	JIANG Y, CHU N, QIAN D K, et al. Microbial electrochemical stimulation of caproate production from ethanol and carbon dioxide[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2020, 295: 122266.
107	ZHANG K, QIU Z Y, LUO D, et al. Hybrid electron donors of ethanol and lactate stimulation chain elongation in microbial electrosynthesis with different inoculants[J]. Renewable Energy, 2023, 202: 942-951.
108	WANG D L, LIANG Q J, CHU N, et al. Deciphering mixotrophic microbial electrosynthesis with shifting product spectrum by genome-centric metagenomics[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2023, 451: 139010.
109	LI Z G, CAI J Y, GAO Y, et al. Efficient production of medium chain fatty acids in microbial electrosynthesis with simultaneous bio-utilization of carbon dioxide and ethanol[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2022, 352: 127101.
110	SONG Y E, MOHAMED A, KIM C M, et al. Biofilm matrix and artificial mediator for efficient electron transport in CO₂ microbial electrosynthesis[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2022, 427: 131885.
111	IM C H, KIM C M, SONG Y E, et al. Electrochemically enhanced microbial CO conversion to volatile fatty acids using neutral red as an electron mediator[J]. Chemosphere, 2018, 191: 166-173.
112	TIAN S H, YAO X Y, SONG T S, et al. Artificial electron mediator with nanocubic architecture highly promotes microbial electrosynthesis from carbon dioxide[J]. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2020, 8(17): 6777-6785.
113	JOURDIN L, FREGUIA S, FLEXER V, et al. Bringing high-rate, CO₂-based microbial electrosynthesis closer to practical implementation through improved electrode design and operating conditions[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2016, 50(4): 1982-1989.
114	NEVIN K P, WOODARD T L, FRANKS A E, et al. Microbial electrosynthesis: feeding microbes electricity to convert carbon dioxide and water to multicarbon extracellular organic compounds[J]. mBio, 2010, 1(2): e00103-10.
115	KRIEG T, MADJAROV J, ROSA L F M, et al. Reactors for microbial electrobiotechnology[M/OL]. HARNISCH F, HOLTMANN D. Advances in biochemical engineering/biotechnology: bioelectrosynthesis, 2019, 167: 231-271[2023-12-01]. .
116	DITZIG J, LIU H, LOGAN B E. Production of hydrogen from domestic wastewater using a bioelectrochemically assisted microbial reactor (BEAMR)[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2007, 32(13): 2296-2304.
117	GILDEMYN S, VERBEECK K, SLABBINCK R, et al. Integrated production, extraction, and concentration of acetic acid from CO₂ through microbial electrosynthesis[J]. Environmental Science & Technology Letters, 2015, 2(11): 325-328.
118	BAJRACHARYA S, VANBROEKHOVEN K, BUISMAN C J N, et al. Bioelectrochemical conversion of CO₂ to chemicals: CO₂ as a next generation feedstock for electricity-driven bioproduction in batch and continuous modes[J]. Faraday Discussions, 2017, 202: 433-449.
119	JOURDIN L, RAES S M T, BUISMAN C J N, et al. Critical biofilm growth throughout unmodified carbon felts allows continuous bioelectrochemical chain elongation from CO₂ up to caproate at high current density[J]. Frontiers in Energy Research, 2018, 6: 7.
120	ALFARO N, FDZ-POLANCO M, FDZ-POLANCO F, et al. Evaluation of process performance, energy consumption and microbiota characterization in a ceramic membrane bioreactor for ex-situ biomethanation of H₂ and CO₂ [J]. Bioresource Technology, 2018, 258: 142-150.
121	HINTERMAYER S, YU S Q, KRÖMER J O, et al. Anodic respiration of Pseudomonas putida KT2440 in a stirred-tank bioreactor[J]. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 2016, 115: 1-13.
122	PAN Z Y, LIU Z Z, HU X N, et al. Enhancement of acetate production in hydrogen-mediated microbial electrosynthesis reactors by addition of silica nanoparticles[J]. Bioresources and Bioprocessing, 2023, 10(1): 3.
123	ASIMAKOPOULOS K, GAVALA H N, SKIADAS I V. Reactor systems for syngas fermentation processes: a review[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2018, 348: 732-744.
124	GIDDINGS C G S, NEVIN K P, WOODWARD T, et al. Simplifying microbial electrosynthesis reactor design[J]. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2015, 6: 468.
125	ENZMANN F, MAYER F, STÖCKL M, et al. Transferring bioelectrochemical processes from H-cells to a scalable bubble column reactor[J]. Chemical Engineering Science, 2019, 193: 133-143.
126	DONG Z W, WANG H Q, TIAN S H, et al. Fluidized granular activated carbon electrode for efficient microbial electrosynthesis of acetate from carbon dioxide[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2018, 269: 203-209.
127	ZHOU Y H, HUANG H F, WANG H Q, et al. Efficient microbial electrosynthesis through the barrier and shearing effect of fillers[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2021, 46(73): 36103-36112.
128	CAI W F, CUI K, LIU Z Z, et al. An electrolytic-hydrogen-fed moving bed biofilm reactor for efficient microbial electrosynthesis of methane from CO₂ [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2022, 428: 132093.
129	FU Q, HE Y T, LI Z, et al. Direct CO₂ delivery with hollow stainless steel/graphene foam electrode for enhanced methane production in microbial electrosynthesis[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2022, 268: 116018.
130	ALQAHTANI M F, KATURI K P, BAJRACHARYA S, et al. Porous hollow fiber nickel electrodes for effective supply and reduction of carbon dioxide to methane through microbial electrosynthesis[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2018, 28(43): 1804860.
131	RODRIGUES R M, GUAN X, IÑIGUEZ J A, et al. Perfluorocarbon nanoemulsion promotes the delivery of reducing equivalents for electricity-driven microbial CO₂ reduction[J]. Nature Catalysis, 2019, 2(5): 407-414.
132	LIU C, GALLAGHER J J, SAKIMOTO K K, et al. Nanowire-bacteria hybrids for unassisted solar carbon dioxide fixation to value-added chemicals[J]. Nano Letters, 2015, 15(5): 3634-3639.
133	BIAN B, SHI L, KATURI K P, et al. Efficient solar-to-acetate conversion from CO₂ through microbial electrosynthesis coupled with stable photoanode[J]. Applied Energy, 2020, 278: 115684.
134	LI T, CHEN Y, ZHANG K, et al. Visible light-driven dual photoelectrode microbial electrosynthesis using BiVO₄-RuO₂-IrO₂ on Ti mesh photoanode and ZIF-67/g-C₃N₄ on carbon felt photocathode for the efficient reduction of CO₂ into acetate[J]. Applied Energy, 2023, 348: 121609.
135	GUPTA P, VERMA N. Conversion of CO₂ to formate using activated carbon fiber-supported g-C₃N₄-NiCoWO₄ photoanode in a microbial electrosynthesis system[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2022, 446: 137029.
136	GONG Y M, EBRAHIM A, FEIST A M, et al. Sulfide-driven microbial electrosynthesis[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2013, 47(1): 568-573.
137	KAMBARA H, DINH H T T, MATSUSHITA S, et al. New microbial electrosynthesis system for methane production from carbon dioxide coupled with oxidation of sulfide to sulfate[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2023, 125: 786-797.
138	XIANG Y B, LIU G L, ZHANG R D, et al. High-efficient acetate production from carbon dioxide using a bioanode microbial electrosynthesis system with bipolar membrane[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2017, 233: 227-235.
139	MODESTRA J A, MOHAN S V. Microbial electrosynthesis of carboxylic acids through CO₂ reduction with selectively enriched biocatalyst: microbial dynamics[J]. Journal of CO₂ Utilization, 2017, 20: 190-199.
140	MOHANAKRISHNA G, REESH I M ABU, VANBROEKHOVEN K, et al. Microbial electrosynthesis feasibility evaluation at high bicarbonate concentrations with enriched homoacetogenic biocathode[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2020, 715: 137003.
141	PATIL S A, ARENDS J B A, VANWONTERGHEM I, et al. Selective enrichment establishes a stable performing community for microbial electrosynthesis of acetate from CO₂[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2015, 49(14): 8833-8843.
142	SHI X C, TREMBLAY P L, WAN L L, et al. Improved robustness of microbial electrosynthesis by adaptation of a strict anaerobic microbial catalyst to molecular oxygen[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2021, 754: 142440.
143	LUO D, ZHANG K, SONG T S, et al. Enhancing microbial electrosynthesis by releasing extracellular polymeric substances: novel strategy through extracellular electron transfer improvement[J]. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 2022, 184: 108496.
144	LUO D, ZHANG K, SONG T S, et al. Improving cell permeability and stimulating biofilm to release extracellular polymeric substances with lysozyme for enhanced acetate production in microbial electrosynthesis[J]. Journal of CO₂ Utilization, 2022, 64: 102204.
145	LI J, LIU H, WU P, et al. Quorum sensing signals stimulate biofilm formation and its electroactivity for chain elongation: system performance and underlying mechanisms[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2023, 859(Pt 1): 160192.
146	LI J, LIU H, ZHAO C, et al. Autoinducer-2 quorum sensing regulates biofilm formation and chain elongation metabolic pathways to enhance caproate synthesis in microbial electrochemical system[J]. Chemosphere, 2023, 344: 140384.
147	MILLS S, DESSÌ P, PANT D, et al. A meta-analysis of acetogenic and methanogenic microbiomes in microbial electrosynthesis[J]. NPJ Biofilms and Microbiomes, 2022, 8(1): 73.
148	KRACKE F, DEUTZMANN J S, JAYATHILAKE B S, et al. Efficient hydrogen delivery for microbial electrosynthesis via 3D-printed cathodes[J]. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2021, 12: 696473.
149	SAHOO P C, PANT D, KUMAR M, et al. Material-microbe interfaces for solar-driven CO₂ bioelectrosynthesis[J]. Trends in Biotechnology, 2020, 38(11): 1245-1261.
150	AYOL A, PEIXOTO L, KESKIN T, et al. Reactor designs and configurations for biological and bioelectrochemical C₁ gas conversion: a review[J]. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2021, 18(21): 11683.
151	WAINAINA S, HORVÁTH I S, TAHERZADEH M J. Biochemicals from food waste and recalcitrant biomass via syngas fermentation: a review[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2018, 248: 113-121.
152	YASIN M, JEONG Y, PARK S, et al. Microbial synthesis gas utilization and ways to resolve kinetic and mass-transfer limitations[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2015, 177: 361-374.
153	HANN E C, OVERA S, HARLAND-DUNAWAY M, et al. A hybrid inorganic-biological artificial photosynthesis system for energy-efficient food production[J]. Nature Food, 2022, 3(6): 461-471.
154	JIANG Y, ZENG R J. Expanding the product spectrum of value added chemicals in microbial electrosynthesis through integrated process design—a review[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2018, 269: 503-512.

电子供体方式	基本原理	优势	缺点
电极	通过纳米导线和细胞色素蛋白与电极的物理接触实现电子传递	无需电子穿梭体，电子利用率高	电子传递距离短
H₂	通过微生物体内的氢化酶将H₂氧化以实现电子的释放传递	电子穿梭体来源简单，生物相容性好	氢气溶解度低，电子利用率低
甲酸	通过甲酸脱氢酶氧化释放电子，或直接被同化间接提供电子	甲酸溶解度高，生物相容性好	对微生物具有低毒性，大量的积累会影响pH
CO	通过一氧化碳脱氢酶氧化释放电子，或直接被同化间接提供电子	既可以作为电子供体又可以作为底物	对微生物体内的酶具有毒性，溶解度低
有机/人工	微生物相关代谢途径提供额外还原力的氧化还原反应	有利于碳链延长，获取高附加值产物	有机电子需要不断外源添加，部分人工电子介体对微生物有毒害作用

电子供体方式	基本原理	优势	缺点
电极	通过纳米导线和细胞色素蛋白与电极的物理接触实现电子传递	无需电子穿梭体，电子利用率高	电子传递距离短
H₂	通过微生物体内的氢化酶将H₂氧化以实现电子的释放传递	电子穿梭体来源简单，生物相容性好	氢气溶解度低，电子利用率低
甲酸	通过甲酸脱氢酶氧化释放电子，或直接被同化间接提供电子	甲酸溶解度高，生物相容性好	对微生物具有低毒性，大量的积累会影响pH
CO	通过一氧化碳脱氢酶氧化释放电子，或直接被同化间接提供电子	既可以作为电子供体又可以作为底物	对微生物体内的酶具有毒性，溶解度低
有机/人工	微生物相关代谢途径提供额外还原力的氧化还原反应	有利于碳链延长，获取高附加值产物	有机电子需要不断外源添加，部分人工电子介体对微生物有毒害作用

Electron donor	Inoculum	Cathode	Potentiostatic control (Ag/AgCl)	Average production rate	Reference
electrodes	mixed culture	rGO-Biofilm	-1.05 V	Acetate:0.17 g/(L·d)	[51]
electrodes	mixed culture	3D graphere-nickel foam	-1.05 V	Acetate:0.186 g/(L·d)	[52]
electrodes	mixed culture	CNT-MXene@Sponge	-0.8 V	Butyrate: 0.156 g/(L·d)	[53]
electrodes	mixed culture	Graphite particle	-0.79 V	Acetate:0.525 g/(L·d)	[54]
electrodes	mixed culture	EPD-3D	10 mA/m²	Acetate:0.685 g/(m²·d)	[55]
electrodes	Sporomusaovata	nickel nanowires anchored to graphite	-0.6 V	Acetate: 17.04 g/(m²·d)	[56]
electrodes	Sporomusaovata	Functionalization with chitosan	-0.6 V	Acetate: 13.74 g/(m²·d)	[57]
H₂	Sporomusaovata	PANI-modified GDEs	-1.0 V	Acetate: 0.554 g/(L·d) Butyrate: 0.0122 g/(L·d)	[76]
H₂	mixed culture	Mo₂C	-1.05 V	Acetate: 0.19 g/(L·d)	[58]
H₂	mixed culture	MoS₂	-1.05 V	Acetate: 0.2 g/(L·d)	[77]
H₂	mixed culture	Pr0.5BSCF-CF	-1.05 V	Acetate: 0.24 g/(L·d)	[78]
H₂	R.eutropha	Co-P	2 V	PHB: 0.14 g/(L·d)	[79]
H₂	C.ljungdahlii	Graphene oxide and Shewanella oneidensis MR-1	-1.05 V	Acetate: 0.18 g/(L·d) Butyrate: 0.07 g/(L·d)	[80]
H₂	Serratiamarcescens Q1	WO₃/MoO₃/g-C₃N₄	-1.3 V	Acetate: 0.19 g/(L·d)	[81]
H₂	Serratiamarcescens Q1	Ag₃PO₄/g-C₃N₄	-1.3 V	Acetate: 0.32 g/(L·d)	[82]
H₂	Serratiamarcescens Q1	MnFe₂O₄/g-C₃N₄	-1.3 V	Acetate: 0.51 g/(L·d)	[83]
H₂	mixed culture	CuO/g-C₃N₄	-1.05 V	Acetate: 0.16 g/(L·d)	[85]
H₂	mixed culture	CuO/g-C₃N₄/rGO	-0.9 V	Acetate: 0.27 g/(L·d)	[86]
H₂	mixed culture	α-Fe₂O₃/g-C₃N₄	-0.9 V	Acetate: 0.33 g/(L·d)	[87]
formate	mixed culture	Sn	-1.3 V	Acetate: 0.32 g/(L·d)	[96]
formate	R.eutropha	Sn-GDE	-1.75 V	PHB: 0.276 g/(L·d)	[97]
formate	mixed culture	Bi₂O₃	-1.23 V	Acetate: 0.269 g/(L·d)	[98]
CO	C.ljungdahlii	cobalt phthalocyanine	-1.2 V	Acetate: 1.4 g/(L·d) Ethanol: 0.87 g/(L·d)	[105]
ethanol	mixed culture	CF	10 mA/m²	Butyrate: 0.17 g/(L·d) Caproate: 2.41 g/(L·d)	[106]
ethanol / lactate	mixed culture	CF	-1.05 V	Butyrate: 0.92 g/(L·d) Caproate: 0.23 g/(L·d)	[107]
glucose	mixed culture	CF	-1.0 V	Acetate: 0.1 g/(L·d) Butyrate: 0.036 g/(L·d) Caproate: 0.012 g/(L·d)	[108]
formate / ethanol	mixed culture	CF	-1.0 V	Butyrate: 0.06 g/(L·d) Caproate: 0.06 g/(L·d)	[88]
ethanol	mixed culture	CF	5 A/m²	Caproate: 0.33 g/(L·d)	[109]
NR	mixed culture	CF	-1.1 V	Acetate: 0.1g/L/day Butyrate: 0.036 g/(L·d)	[111]
Prussian blue	mixed culture	PB-CF	-1.05 V	Acetate: 0.2 g/(L·d)	[112]

Electron donor	Inoculum	Cathode	Potentiostatic control (Ag/AgCl)	Average production rate	Reference
electrodes	mixed culture	rGO-Biofilm	-1.05 V	Acetate:0.17 g/(L·d)	[51]
electrodes	mixed culture	3D graphere-nickel foam	-1.05 V	Acetate:0.186 g/(L·d)	[52]
electrodes	mixed culture	CNT-MXene@Sponge	-0.8 V	Butyrate: 0.156 g/(L·d)	[53]
electrodes	mixed culture	Graphite particle	-0.79 V	Acetate:0.525 g/(L·d)	[54]
electrodes	mixed culture	EPD-3D	10 mA/m²	Acetate:0.685 g/(m²·d)	[55]
electrodes	Sporomusaovata	nickel nanowires anchored to graphite	-0.6 V	Acetate: 17.04 g/(m²·d)	[56]
electrodes	Sporomusaovata	Functionalization with chitosan	-0.6 V	Acetate: 13.74 g/(m²·d)	[57]
H₂	Sporomusaovata	PANI-modified GDEs	-1.0 V	Acetate: 0.554 g/(L·d) Butyrate: 0.0122 g/(L·d)	[76]
H₂	mixed culture	Mo₂C	-1.05 V	Acetate: 0.19 g/(L·d)	[58]
H₂	mixed culture	MoS₂	-1.05 V	Acetate: 0.2 g/(L·d)	[77]
H₂	mixed culture	Pr0.5BSCF-CF	-1.05 V	Acetate: 0.24 g/(L·d)	[78]
H₂	R.eutropha	Co-P	2 V	PHB: 0.14 g/(L·d)	[79]
H₂	C.ljungdahlii	Graphene oxide and Shewanella oneidensis MR-1	-1.05 V	Acetate: 0.18 g/(L·d) Butyrate: 0.07 g/(L·d)	[80]
H₂	Serratiamarcescens Q1	WO₃/MoO₃/g-C₃N₄	-1.3 V	Acetate: 0.19 g/(L·d)	[81]
H₂	Serratiamarcescens Q1	Ag₃PO₄/g-C₃N₄	-1.3 V	Acetate: 0.32 g/(L·d)	[82]
H₂	Serratiamarcescens Q1	MnFe₂O₄/g-C₃N₄	-1.3 V	Acetate: 0.51 g/(L·d)	[83]
H₂	mixed culture	CuO/g-C₃N₄	-1.05 V	Acetate: 0.16 g/(L·d)	[85]
H₂	mixed culture	CuO/g-C₃N₄/rGO	-0.9 V	Acetate: 0.27 g/(L·d)	[86]
H₂	mixed culture	α-Fe₂O₃/g-C₃N₄	-0.9 V	Acetate: 0.33 g/(L·d)	[87]
formate	mixed culture	Sn	-1.3 V	Acetate: 0.32 g/(L·d)	[96]
formate	R.eutropha	Sn-GDE	-1.75 V	PHB: 0.276 g/(L·d)	[97]
formate	mixed culture	Bi₂O₃	-1.23 V	Acetate: 0.269 g/(L·d)	[98]
CO	C.ljungdahlii	cobalt phthalocyanine	-1.2 V	Acetate: 1.4 g/(L·d) Ethanol: 0.87 g/(L·d)	[105]
ethanol	mixed culture	CF	10 mA/m²	Butyrate: 0.17 g/(L·d) Caproate: 2.41 g/(L·d)	[106]
ethanol / lactate	mixed culture	CF	-1.05 V	Butyrate: 0.92 g/(L·d) Caproate: 0.23 g/(L·d)	[107]
glucose	mixed culture	CF	-1.0 V	Acetate: 0.1 g/(L·d) Butyrate: 0.036 g/(L·d) Caproate: 0.012 g/(L·d)	[108]
formate / ethanol	mixed culture	CF	-1.0 V	Butyrate: 0.06 g/(L·d) Caproate: 0.06 g/(L·d)	[88]
ethanol	mixed culture	CF	5 A/m²	Caproate: 0.33 g/(L·d)	[109]
NR	mixed culture	CF	-1.1 V	Acetate: 0.1g/L/day Butyrate: 0.036 g/(L·d)	[111]
Prussian blue	mixed culture	PB-CF	-1.05 V	Acetate: 0.2 g/(L·d)	[112]

[1]	Haotian ZHENG, Chaofeng LI, Liangxu LIU, Jiawei WANG, Hengrun LI, Jun NI. Design, optimization and application of synthetic carbon-negative phototrophic community [J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2024, 5(5): 1189-1210.
[2]	Ziling CHEN, Yangfei XIANG. Integrated development of organoid technology and synthetic biology [J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2024, 5(4): 795-812.
[3]	Bingyu CAI, Xiangtian TAN, Wei LI. Advances in synthetic biology for engineering stem cell [J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2024, 5(4): 782-794.
[4]	Huang XIE, Yilei ZHENG, Yiting SU, Jingyi RUAN, Yongquan LI. An overview on reconstructing the biosynthetic system of actinomycetes for polyketides production [J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2024, 5(3): 612-630.
[5]	Wenlong ZHA, Lan BU, Jiachen ZI. Advances in synthetic biology for producing potent pharmaceutical ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine [J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2024, 5(3): 631-657.
[6]	Zhen HUI, Xiaoyu TANG. Applications of the CRISPR/Cas9 editing system in the study of microbial natural products [J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2024, 5(3): 658-671.
[7]	Xiaonan LIU, Jing LI, Xiaoxi ZHU, Zishuo XU, Jian QI, Huifeng JIANG. Research advances on paclitaxel biosynthesis [J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2024, 5(3): 527-547.
[8]	Xuejing MA, Chang GUO, Zhaolin HUA, Baidong HOU. Dawn of the rational design of nanoparticle vaccines aided by the advance of synthetic biology techniques [J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2024, 5(2): 353-368.
[9]	Busen WANG, Jinghan XU, Zhiqiang GAO, Lihua HOU. Advances in virus-vectored vaccines [J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2024, 5(2): 281-293.
[10]	Jinyong ZHANG, Jiang GU, Shan GUAN, Haibo LI, Hao ZENG, Quanming ZOU. Synthetic biology promotes the development of bacterial vaccines [J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2024, 5(2): 321-337.
[11]	Weifeng YUAN, Yongliang ZHAO, Zhixuan WU, Ke XU. Applications of synthetic biology in the development of SARS-CoV-2 broad-spectrum vaccines [J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2024, 5(2): 369-384.
[12]	Yanyan YUAN, Huifang CHEN, Sihui YANG, Honghui WANG, Zhou NIE. Engineering artificial receptor cluster: chemical synthetic biology strategies and emerging applications [J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2024, 5(1): 53-76.
[13]	Jingyu ZHAO, Jian ZHANG, Qingsheng QI, Qian WANG. Research progress in biosensors based on bacterial two-component systems [J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2024, 5(1): 38-52.
[14]	Qian MENG, Cong YIN, Weiren HUANG. Tumor organoids and their research progress in synthetic biology [J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2024, 5(1): 191-201.
[15]	Xiaojie GUO, Xingjin JIAN, Liyan WANG, Chong ZHANG, Xinhui XING. Progress in bioreactors and instruments for phenotype testing with synthetic biology research [J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2024, 5(1): 16-37.

Progress of microbial electrosynthesis for conversion of CO₂

微生物电合成技术转化二氧化碳研究进展

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 10

References 154

Related Articles 15

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments