Self-assembly, biosynthesis, functionalization and applications of virus-based nanomaterials

doi:10.12211/2096-8280.2020-031

Abstract

Abstract:

Viruses are conventionally known as infectious pathogens. Meanwhile, they are ordered assemblies of biomacromolecules with proteins and nucleic acids as major components, and typically at nanoscale dimensions ranging from tens to hundreds of nanometers. Recently, viruses have received extensive interest in multidisciplinary studies, especially in the field of materials. From the viewpoint of materials science, viral capsids have several beneficial characteristics such as uniform shape and size, structural addressability, convenient modification, fast production through biosynthesis, and good biocompatibility. These features make virus-based materials particularly useful in many scenarios. In this review, firstly we introduce the structural characteristics of viruses and virus-based nanomaterials. Secondly, we describe the strategies for self-assembly, biosynthesis and functionalization of virus-based nanomaterials, including genetic engineering, chemical modifications, biomineralization and self-assembly. Thirdly, we discuss the applications of virus-based nanomaterials in diverse fields such as biomedical imaging, biosensing, tissue engineering, nanoreactors, microelectronics, nanophotonics, and deliveries of genes, drugs, vaccines and immunomodulators. Virus-based nanomaterials are particularly suitable for carrying immunomodulators and vaccines because of their surface pathogen-related molecular patterns. However, the immune response and clearance of virus-based nanomaterials are disadvantageous for in vivo imaging and drug delivery. The development of "immune stealth" modification strategies has shielded the immunogenicity of virus-based nanomaterials to some extent, which is conducive to improving the targeted delivery efficiency of virus-based nanomaterials. Imaging-aided exploration of in vivo behaviors with virus-based nanomaterials would be helpful for the design and re-design of this kind of materials to meet the requirement of clinical applications, which depends on the development of new imaging probes and methods. In addition, the applications of virus-based nanomaterials in the fields of tissue engineering, microelectronics, nanoreactors, and nanophotonics have specific requirements for structure stability and dynamic control of virus-based nanomaterials. The design, manipulation, and functionalization of virus-based nanomaterials would benefit deeper understanding of the structure and assembly of viruses, development of rational design techniques for self-assembling protein materials and high-throughput synthetic biology methods, paving the way for the practical applications of virus-based nanomaterials.

Key words: viruses, virus-based nanoparticles, assembly, capsid, biosynthesis, nanobiotechnology

摘要：

病毒在传统意义上是感染性病原体。同时，病毒也是蛋白质、核酸等生物大分子的有序组装体，处于典型的几十到几百纳米尺寸范围，近年来在材料学等交叉学科领域引起广泛兴趣。从材料学的角度，病毒衣壳具有形状大小均一、结构可寻址、易于修饰改造、易于生物合成、生物相容性好等诸多优点。本文介绍了基于病毒组件的纳米材料的结构特性，基因工程、化学修饰、生物矿化和自组装等生物合成及功能化策略，以及在生物医学成像、生物传感、核酸及药物递送、疫苗与免疫调节剂、组织工程、纳米反应器、微电子元件、纳米光子学等不同领域的应用。当前基于病毒组件的纳米材料研究在病毒纳米颗粒的理性设计、（多级）组装的精准控制、免疫原性调控、活体高效靶向递送、稳定性等方面还有诸多难题亟待突破。强化学科深度交叉、攻克这些难题、推动实际应用与转化则代表了病毒纳米材料领域的发展方向。

关键词: 病毒, 病毒纳米颗粒, 组装, 衣壳, 生物合成, 纳米生物技术

CLC Number:

Q816

Wenjing ZHANG, Ming LI, Wei ZHOU, Xian-en ZHANG, Feng LI. Self-assembly, biosynthesis, functionalization and applications of virus-based nanomaterials[J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2020, 1(3): 298-318.

张文静, 李明, 周维, 张先恩, 李峰. 基于病毒组件的纳米材料的自组装合成、功能化及应用[J]. 合成生物学, 2020, 1(3): 298-318.

Figures/Tables 4

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