Progress in the bioconversion of biogas into sustainable aviation fuel

doi:10.12211/2096-8280.2023-048

Synthetic Biology Journal ›› 2023, Vol. 4 ›› Issue (6): 1246-1258.DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-048

• Invited Review • Previous Articles Next Articles

Progress in the bioconversion of biogas into sustainable aviation fuel

Chenyue ZHANG¹, Yingqun MA¹^,², Xing WANG³, Rongzhan FU⁴, Jiwei HUANG⁵, Xiufu HUA⁶, Daidi FAN⁴, Qiang FEI¹^,²

^1.School of Chemical Engineering and Technology，Xi 'an Jiaotong University，Xi 'an 710049，Shaanxi，China
^2.Xi 'an Key Laboratory of C1 Compound Bioconversion Technology，Xi 'an 710049，Shaanxi，China
^3.Xi 'an WELLE Environmental Technology Group Co. ，Ltd，Xi 'an 710000，Shaanxi，China
^4.School of Chemical Engineering，Northwest University，Xi 'an 710069，Shaanxi，China
^5.WELLE Environmental Technology Group Co. ，Ltd，Changzhou 213000，Jiangsu，China
^6.Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University，Jiaxing 314006，Zhejiang，China

Received:2023-07-02 Revised:2023-09-07 Online:2024-01-19 Published:2023-12-31
Contact: Qiang FEI

全碳素生物转化沼气制备生物航煤制造路线研究进展

张晨悦¹, 马英群¹^,², 王兴³, 傅容湛⁴, 黄技伟⁵, 花秀夫⁶, 范代娣⁴, 费强¹^,²

^1.西安交通大学化学工程与技术学院，陕西西安 710049
^2.西安市一碳化合物生物转化技术重点实验室，陕西西安 710049
^3.西安维尔利环保科技有限公司，陕西西安 710000
^4.西北大学化工学院，陕西西安 710069
^5.维尔利环保科技集团股份有限公司，江苏常州 213000
^6.浙江清华长三角研究院，浙江嘉兴 314006

通讯作者: 费强
作者简介:张晨悦（1997—），女，博士研究生。研究方向为一碳生物制造的技术经济可行性分析及全生命周期评价。E-mail：4122316017@stu.xjtu.edu.cn
费强（1980—），男，教授，博士生导师，西安市一碳化合物生物转化技术重点实验室主任。主要以一碳气体的微生物固定及其高值化利用为研究目标，利用合成生物学和高密度发酵等技术改造和优化细胞工厂，实现食品、材料、化学品、能源等产品的生物制造。E-mail：feiqiang@xjtu.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2021YFC2103500);国家自然科学基金(22178281);陕西省杰出青年科学基金(2022JC-09);陕西高校青年创新团队项目

Abstract

Abstract:

Biogas primarily composed of methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) is recognized as a clean and renewable energy source with potential to replace fossil fuels. Currently, the most common way to utilize biogas is by using combined heat and power (CHP) units to generate electricity and heat. However, burning CH₄ in biogas releases an equivalent amount of CO₂, resulting in a lower carbon-atom economy. To enhance the carbon-utilization efficiency of biogas and reduce greenhouse gas emission, this review suggests a novel route of biological converting both CH₄ and CO₂ in biogas produced from anaerobic digestion of food wastes for sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) production with applications of synthetic biology techniques and biomanufacturing strategies. Photoautotroph microorganisms and aerobic methanotrophs are used to convert CO₂ and CH₄ in biogas, respectively. Primary pathways and key enzymes for lipid biosynthesis from CO₂ and CH₄ by photoautotrophic microbes and methanotrophic bacterial and strategies for carbon flux improvement are introduced and discussed. As the precursor of SAF, the lipids produced by aforementioned microbes need to undergo recovery, pre-treatment, and upgrading procedures. The effects of different technologies developed for lipid recovery (flocculation, dissolved air flotation (DAF), centrifugation, coagulation, filtration) and upgrading (Hydrogenated Esters and Fatty Acids (HEFA), Fischer-Tropsch (F-T), Alcohol-to-jet (ATJ), Hydroprocessed Fermented Sugars (HFS) on efficiency and operation cost are evaluated. Besides, physical properties of SAF derived from different raw materials are compared. The global warming potential of SAF production using different feedstock by HEFA are summarized and the reduction of greenhouse emission can be up to 80% comparing with petroleum-based ones. This review discusses the metabolic pathways, biosynthesis strategies, fermentation technology, recovery and upgrading processes for the production of biogas-derived SAF. It also provides an outlook on strategies to improve the economic efficiency of microbes-based SAF manufacturing and guideline for commercial applications of biotechnology in fuel production.

Key words: biogas, photoautotroph microorganisms, aerobic methanotrophs, synthetic biology, sustainable aviation fuel, biological manufacturing

摘要：

作为一种清洁可再生能源，沼气具有替代化石燃料的潜能。沼气的传统利用是通过直接燃烧获得电力和热量，但该过程会产生二氧化碳（CO₂），不仅降低了沼气利用的碳原子经济性，还会带来温室气体排放等问题。为了实现沼气全碳素转化，本文提出以餐厨垃圾厌氧消化产生的沼气为原料，利用合成生物学技术和生物制造策略，将其中的全部碳素（CO₂和CH₄）高效转化为生物航煤（SAF）。该制造路线利用光能自养微生物和好氧性嗜甲烷菌分别转化CO₂和CH₄合成生物油脂，再将油脂提取并升级加工制备SAF。文章通过介绍光能自养微生物和好氧性嗜甲烷菌的关键酶和代谢途径，总结菌种改造策略和发酵工艺优化在提升油脂积累方面的研究进展。在比较了不同生物油脂预处理和升级加工的工艺特点之后，分析了相关技术的经济性和应用场景。基于SAF的燃烧性能及其在生产过程中的全球变暖潜势值，讨论了SAF制造路线的技术可行性。最后，借助技术经济可行性分析，展望了提升SAF制造路线经济性的策略，为生物技术在燃料生产领域的商业化应用提供参考。

关键词: 沼气, 光能自养微生物, 好氧性嗜甲烷菌, 合成生物, 生物航煤, 生物制造

CLC Number:

Q819

Chenyue ZHANG, Yingqun MA, Xing WANG, Rongzhan FU, Jiwei HUANG, Xiufu HUA, Daidi FAN, Qiang FEI. Progress in the bioconversion of biogas into sustainable aviation fuel[J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2023, 4(6): 1246-1258.

张晨悦, 马英群, 王兴, 傅容湛, 黄技伟, 花秀夫, 范代娣, 费强. 全碳素生物转化沼气制备生物航煤制造路线研究进展[J]. 合成生物学, 2023, 4(6): 1246-1258.

Figures/Tables 7

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回收技术	优点	缺点	影响成本的关键因素
混凝/絮凝	回收率较高、简便快捷、能耗低	絮凝剂的使用可能影响下游加工	絮凝剂添加
浮选	回收率较高、快速、占地面积小	表面活性剂可能影响下游加工	表面活性剂添加
离心	回收率较高、快速	能耗高、经济可行性低	能源密集型工艺
过滤	能耗低、小规模应用时经济性好	回收率低、容易造成膜污染/堵塞、需提供压力差、不适用于小尺寸微生物或高浓度菌液	滤膜更换昂贵
重力沉降	操作简便	回收率低、耗时	回收效率低下
絮凝+离心	回收率高、快速	能耗高	絮凝剂的添加、能耗高
絮凝+浮选	回收率高、快速、占地面积小	工艺复杂	絮凝剂和表面活性剂的添加

回收技术	优点	缺点	影响成本的关键因素
混凝/絮凝	回收率较高、简便快捷、能耗低	絮凝剂的使用可能影响下游加工	絮凝剂添加
浮选	回收率较高、快速、占地面积小	表面活性剂可能影响下游加工	表面活性剂添加
离心	回收率较高、快速	能耗高、经济可行性低	能源密集型工艺
过滤	能耗低、小规模应用时经济性好	回收率低、容易造成膜污染/堵塞、需提供压力差、不适用于小尺寸微生物或高浓度菌液	滤膜更换昂贵
重力沉降	操作简便	回收率低、耗时	回收效率低下
絮凝+离心	回收率高、快速	能耗高	絮凝剂的添加、能耗高
絮凝+浮选	回收率高、快速、占地面积小	工艺复杂	絮凝剂和表面活性剂的添加

技术路线	方法	优点	缺点	商业化项目
HEFA	280～340 ℃、5～10 MPa条件下，通过加氢脱氧、异构化、裂化和分馏去除油品中的氧，将直链石蜡分子裂解并异构为SAF	可利用现有炼油设备，技术成熟	依赖催化剂和H₂	UOP Honeywell、Neste、 Haldor Topsoe、Axens
F-T合成	600～1000 ℃下将菌体转化为合成气，再升级为SAF	产品脱硫，芳烃含量低于化石燃料	对合成气清洁程度要求高（无固体、焦油、含氮和含硫化合物）	Sierra BioFuels、BioTfueL、 Velocys/Red Rock Biofuels
ATJ	1.4 MPa，288～343 ℃条件下，添加H₂和PtO₂催化剂完成脱水、低聚和氢化生产SAF	产品选择性、收率高	昂贵复杂，对催化剂和原料要求高	UOP Honeywell、LanzaTech、 Coskata、Cobalt/Navy
HFS	酶水解和发酵精炼糖，再通过分馏和加氢裂化生产SAF	产率和回收率高	研究少，大规模应用困难	Amyris、Total

技术路线	方法	优点	缺点	商业化项目
HEFA	280～340 ℃、5～10 MPa条件下，通过加氢脱氧、异构化、裂化和分馏去除油品中的氧，将直链石蜡分子裂解并异构为SAF	可利用现有炼油设备，技术成熟	依赖催化剂和H₂	UOP Honeywell、Neste、 Haldor Topsoe、Axens
F-T合成	600～1000 ℃下将菌体转化为合成气，再升级为SAF	产品脱硫，芳烃含量低于化石燃料	对合成气清洁程度要求高（无固体、焦油、含氮和含硫化合物）	Sierra BioFuels、BioTfueL、 Velocys/Red Rock Biofuels
ATJ	1.4 MPa，288～343 ℃条件下，添加H₂和PtO₂催化剂完成脱水、低聚和氢化生产SAF	产品选择性、收率高	昂贵复杂，对催化剂和原料要求高	UOP Honeywell、LanzaTech、 Coskata、Cobalt/Navy
HFS	酶水解和发酵精炼糖，再通过分馏和加氢裂化生产SAF	产率和回收率高	研究少，大规模应用困难	Amyris、Total

原料	-20 ℃运动黏度/（mm²/s）	15 ℃密度 /（kg/m³）	闪点 /℃	凝固点 /℃	热值 /（MJ/kg）
ASTM D1655	<8	775～840	>38	<-40	>42.8
Jet A/A-1	8	775～840	38	-47	42.8
大豆	—	775	38	-47	43.4
椰子	6.52	788	55	-16	43.5
麻风树	3.66	751～840	46.5	-57	44.3
亚麻荠	3.3	751	43	-77	44.1
蓖麻	5.3	758	55	-62	—
桐树	—	839	39	-66	42.3
牛油	5.3	758	55	-62	44
废弃食用油	3.8	760	42	-54.3	44
Chlorella pyrenoidosa	2.9	856	68	-38	44
Nannochloropsis sp.	2.8	1380	68	-30	44

Progress in the bioconversion of biogas into sustainable aviation fuel

全碳素生物转化沼气制备生物航煤制造路线研究进展

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原料	GWP/（g CO₂-eq/MJ）	与石油基对比GWP减排量
大豆	64.9	27.1%
玉米	17.2	80.7%
菜籽油	47.4	46.7%
亚麻荠	42.0	52.8%
废弃食用油	13.9	84.3%
微藻	14.1	84.2%

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