Research advances on Mycosporine-like amino acids biosynthesis

doi:10.12211/2096-8280.2024-063

Synthetic Biology Journal

Research advances on Mycosporine-like amino acids biosynthesis

Ping ZHANG¹^,²^,³, Weijiao ZHANG¹^,²^,³, Ruirui XU¹^,²^,³, Jianghua LI²^,³, Jian CHEN²^,³, Zhen KANG¹^,²^,³

^1.Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology，Ministry of Education，School of Biotechnology，Jiangnan University，Wuxi，214122，China
^2.Science Center for Future Foods，Jiangnan University，Wuxi，214122，China
^3.Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology，Ministry of Education，School of Biotechnology，Jiangnan University，Wuxi，214122，China

Received:2024-08-16 Revised:2024-12-13 Published:2024-12-19
Contact: Zhen KANG

防晒化合物类菌孢素氨基酸的生物合成

张萍¹^,²^,³, 张维娇¹^,²^,³, 胥睿睿¹^,²^,³, 李江华²^,³, 陈坚²^,³, 康振¹^,²^,³

^1.江南大学生物工程学院，糖化学与生物技术教育部重点实验室，江苏无锡 214122
^2.江南大学，未来食品科学中心，江苏无锡 214122
^3.江南大学生物工程学院，工业生物技术教育部重点实验室，江苏无锡 214122

通讯作者: 康振
作者简介:张萍（1996 —），女，博士研究生。研究方向为天然产物的微生物合成。E-mail：7220201030@stu.jiangnan.edu.cn
康振（1982—），男，教授，博士生导师，研究方向为微生物合成生物学与生物制造研究，国家级青年人才计划入选者，近年在Nature Communications、ACS Catalysis、Green Chemistry、Metabolic Engineering等主流杂志发表研究论文102篇，出版专著（或教材）5部；授权中国发明专利79件，美国发明专利4件。主持包括国家重点研发课题、国家自然科学基金、江苏省科技支撑等在内的省部级纵向项目，转让透明质酸酶、低分子量透明质酸、硫酸软骨素等12项生物制造技术。获教育部科技进步一等奖（1/12）、山东省科技进步一等奖（2/12）、中国轻工业联合会技术发明二等奖（1/6）等。E-mail：zkang@jiangnan.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然基金面上项目(32370066);国家自然基金面上项目(32370079);江苏省合成生物基础研究中心资助(BK20233003)

Abstract

Abstract:

Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), a class of natural sunscreen molecules, have attracted intensive attention because of their potent ultraviolet (UV) -absorbing capabilities and potential applications in cosmetics industry. However, the complex extraction process and low yield restrict their applications. To address these supply challenges, reconstructing the MAAs biosynthesis pathway in microbial cells with synthetic biology techniques provides an effective strategy to solve the problem of insufficient MAAs supply. This article systematically reviews the current progress in the biosynthesis of MAAs, covering a range of critical aspects, including the analysis of structural diversity, which is essential for understanding the functional properties of different MAAs. Additionally, the article delves into the elucidation of biosynthetic pathways, providing insights into the biochemical steps and enzymes involved in the production of MAAs. Furthermore, this review explores the construction of chassis cells in the biosynthesis of MAAs, including the integration of heterologous genes and the optimization of metabolic pathways, highlighting the importance of selecting and engineering suitable microbial hosts to optimize MAAs biosynthesis. The review provides a forward-looking perspective on microbial synthesis of MAAs, with a focus on driving innovation in green and efficient biomanufacturing of these high-value compounds. Meanwhile, the article also discusses the current key challenges in MAAs biosynthesis research, including low precursor content, insufficient enzyme catalytic activity, and difficulties in accurate product identification, which collectively hinder the industrial development of MAAs. Breaking through these technical bottlenecks is expected to enable the development of sustainable and economically viable approaches for the large-scale production of MAAs. This review introduces the current status of research on MAAs synthesized by microbial cells from multiple perspectives and makes a prospective analysis of future development trends, aiming to provide a reference and guidance for research on microbial synthesis of MAAs. Biosynthesis technology shows promise in replacing traditional extraction methods, potentially revolutionizing the production mode of MAAs fundamentally. This innovative production approach will not only satisfy the growing demand for MAAs in the cosmetics industry, but will also significantly improve the accessibility and usage of MAAs in multiple fields.

Key words: Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), sunscreen compounds, metabolic regulation, cell factories, synthetic biology

摘要：

类菌孢素氨基酸（mycosporine-like amino acids，MAAs）是一类由水生生物产生的小分子化合物，具有抵御紫外线辐射的功能，近年来作为环保型防晒剂在化妆品领域得到了广泛关注。然而，MAAs在生物体中的低积累量、复杂的提取工艺和极低的得率限制了其应用前景。利用合成生物学技术，在微生物细胞中重构MAAs合成路径，有望实现MAAs的规模化生产，为解决MAAs供应不足问题提供有效策略。本文系统总结了目前MAAs生物合成的研究进展，涵盖了结构多样性分析、生物合成途径解析、底盘细胞构建等方面。重点关注了近期MAAs的微生物从头生物合成研究进展，探讨了目前MAAs生物合成研究面临的挑战，包括前体含量少、关键酶催化效率低等问题。最后，本文展望了MAAs微生物合成的未来发展方向，旨在推动MAAs的绿色、高效生物合成。

关键词: 类菌孢素氨基酸, 防晒化合物, 代谢调控, 细胞工厂, 合成生物学

CLC Number:

Q815

Ping ZHANG, Weijiao ZHANG, Ruirui XU, Jianghua LI, Jian CHEN, Zhen KANG. Research advances on Mycosporine-like amino acids biosynthesis[J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-063.

张萍, 张维娇, 胥睿睿, 李江华, 陈坚, 康振. 防晒化合物类菌孢素氨基酸的生物合成[J]. 合成生物学, DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-063.

Figures/Tables 4

References 81

1	HADER D P, HELBLING E W, WILLIAMSON C E. Effects of UV radiation on aquatic ecosystems and interactions with climate change [J]. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, 2011, 10(2): 242-260.
2	GAO Q, GARCIA P F. Microbial ultraviolet sunscreens [J]. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2011, 9(11): 791-802.
3	WADA N, SAKAMOTO T, MATSUGO S. Mycosporine-like amino acids and their derivatives as natural antioxidants [J]. Antioxidants 2015, 4(3): 603-646.
4	WANG K, DENG Y, HE Y, et al. Protective effect of mycosporine-like amino acids isolated from an antarctic diatom on UVB-induced skin damage [J]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2023, 24(20): 240-245.
5	SINGH A, CIZKOVA M, BISOVA K. Exploring mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) as safe and natural protective agents against UV-induced skin damage [J]. Antioxidants, 2021, 10(5): 683.
6	EHSAN N, NAOKI W, MINAMI Y, et al. Glycosylated porphyra-334 and palythine-threonine from the terrestrial Cyanobacterium Nostoc commune [J]. Marine Drugs, 2013, 11(9): 3124-3154.
7	BHATIA S, GARG A, SHARMA K, et al. Mycosporine and mycosporine-like amino acids: a paramount tool against ultra violet irradiation [J]. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 2011, 5(10): 138-146.
8	PALLELA R, YOUNG N Y, KIM S K. Anti-photoaging and photoprotective compounds derived from marine organisms [J]. Marine Drugs, 2010, 8(4): 1189-1202.
9	HYLANDER S. Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) in zooplankton [J]. Marine Drugs, 2020, 18(2): 72.
10	GARCíA P E, DIéGUEZ M C, FERRARO M A, et al. Mycosporine-like amino acids in freshwater copepods: potential sources and some factors that affect their bioaccumulation [J]. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, 2010, 86(2): 115-122.
11	KASANAH N, ULFAH M, IMANIA O, et al. Rhodophyta as potential sources of photoprotectants, antiphotoaging compounds, and hydrogels for cosmeceutical application [J]. Molecules, 2022, 27(22): 7788.
12	ROSIC N N. Mycosporine-like amino acids: making the foundation for organic personalised sunscreens [J]. Marine Drugs, 2019, 17(11): 638.
13	GRöNIGER A, SINHA R P, KLISCH M, et al. Photoprotective compounds in cyanobacteria, phytoplankton and macroalgae-a database [J]. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 2000, 58(2-3): 115-122.
14	ARSıN S, DELBAJE E, JOKELA J, et al. A plastic biosynthetic pathway for the production of structurally distinct microbial sunscreens [J]. ACS Chemical Biology, 2023, 18(9): 1959-1967.
15	王伟, 孙晶晶, 郝建华. 类菌孢素氨基酸生物合成研究进展 [J]. 生命的化学, 2023, 43(04): 473-478.
16	MIYAMOTO K T, KOMATSU M, IKEDA H. Discovery of gene cluster for mycosporine-like amino acid biosynthesis from actinomycetales microorganisms and production of a novel mycosporine-like amino acid by heterologous expression [J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2014, 80(16): 5028-5036.
17	COBA F D L, AGUILERA J, FIGUEROA F L, et al. Antioxidant activity of mycosporine-like amino acids isolated from three red macroalgae and one marine lichen [J]. Journal of Applied Phycology, 2009, 21(2): 161-169.
18	CHOI Y H, YANG D J, KULKARNI A, et al. Mycosporine-like amino acids promote wound healing through focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAP Kinases) signaling pathway in keratinocytes [J]. Marine Drugs, 2015, 13(12): 7055-7066.
19	KIM S Y, CHO W K, KIM H I, et al. Transcriptome profiling of human follicle dermal papilla cells in response to porphyra-334 treatment by rNA-seq [J]. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2021, 2021: 6637513.
20	RUI Y, ZHAOHUI Z, WENSHAN S, et al. Protective effect of MAAs extracted from porphyra tenera against UV irradiation-induced photoaging in mouse skin [J]. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology, 2019, 192: 26-33.
21	RYU J, PARK S J, KIM I H, et al. Protective effect of porphyra-334 on UVA-induced photoaging in human skin fibroblasts [J]. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 2014, 34(3): 796-803.
22	范高宁. 类菌胞素氨基酸的性质及其在化妆品领域中应用的研究进展 [J]. 日用化学工业(中英文), 2022, 52(12): 1366-1372.
23	OREN A, CIMERMAN N G. Mycosporines and mycosporine-like amino acids: UV protectants or multipurpose secondary metabolites? [J]. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 2007, 269(1): 1-10.
24	RASTOGI R P, SINHA R P, MOH S H, et al. Ultraviolet radiation and cyanobacteria [J]. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 2014, 141: 154-169.
25	SINHA R P, SINGH S P, HäDER D P. Database on mycosporines and mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) in fungi, cyanobacteria, macroalgae, phytoplankton and animals [J]. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 2007, 89(1): 29-35.
26	SHICK J M, DUNLAP W C. Mycosporine-like amino acids and related gadusols: biosynthesis, acumulation, and UV-protective functions in aquatic organisms [J]. Annual Review of Physiology, 2002, 64: 223-262.
27	SINGH S P, KUMARI S, RASTOGI R P. Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs): chemical structure, biosynthesis and significance as UV-absorbing/screening compounds [J]. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 2008, 46(1): 7-17.
28	PORTWICH A, GARCIA P F. Ultraviolet and osmotic stresses induce and regulate the synthesis of mycosporines in the Cyanobacterium chlorogloeopsis PCC 69129 [J]. Archives of Microbiology, 1999, 172(4): 187-192.
29	STOCHAJ W R, DUNLAP W C, SHICK J M, et al. Two new UV-absorbing mycosporine-like amino acids from the sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima and the effects of Zooxanthellae and spectral irradiance on chemical composition and content [J]. Marine Biology, 1994, 118(1): 149-156.
30	KATOCH M, MAZMOUZ R, CHAU R, et al. Heterologous production of cyanobacterial mycosporine-like amino acids mycosporine-ornithine and mycosporine-lysine in Escherichia coli [J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2016, 82(20): 6167-6173.
31	ORFANOUDAKI M, HARTMANN A, KARSTEN U. Chemical profiling of mycosporine-like amino acids in twenty-three red algal species [J]. Journal of Phycology, 2019, 55(2): 393-403.
32	RUNGAROON W S, HAKUTO K, MINORU F, et al. Nitrate and amino acid availability affects glycine betaine and mycosporine-2-glycine in response to changes of salinity in a halotolerant cyanobacterium Aphanothece halophytica [J]. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 2015, 362(23): fnv198.
33	CONDE F R, CHURIO M S, PREVITALI C M. Experimental study of the excited-state properties and photostability of the mycosporine-like amino acid palythine in aqueous solution [J]. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, 2007, 6(6): 669-674.
34	RASTOGI R P, MADAMWAR D, INCHAROENSAKDI A. Sun-screening bioactive compounds mycosporine-like amino acids in naturally occurring cyanobacterial biofilms: role in photoprotection [J]. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2015, 119(3): 753-762.
35	SHANG J L, CHEN M, HOU S, et al. Genomic and transcriptomic insights into the survival of the subaerial cyanobacterium Nostoc flagelliforme in arid and exposed habitats [J]. Environmental Microbiology, 2019, 21(2): 845-863.
36	INOUE S K, NAZIFI E, TSUJI C, et al. Characterization of mycosporine-like amino acids in the cyanobacterium Nostoc verrucosum [J]. Journal of General and Applied Microbiology, 2018, 64(5): 203-211.
37	PENG J, GUO F, LIU S, et al. Recent advances and future prospects of mycosporine-like amino acids [J]. Molecules, 2023, 28(14): 5588.
38	王凯. 发菜类菌胞素氨基酸的合成途径研究 [D]. 湖北: 华中师范大学, 2018.
39	DUNLAP W C, SHICK J M, LONG P F, et al. Redundant pathways of sunscreen biosynthesis in a Cyanobacterium [J]. A European Journal of Chemical Biology, 2012, 13(4): 531-533.
40	KEDAR L, KASHMAN Y, OREN A. Mycosporine-2-glycine is the major mycosporine-like amino acid in a unicellular cyanobacterium (Euhalothece sp.) isolated from a gypsum crust in a hypersaline saltern pond [J]. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 2002, 208(2): 233-237.
41	TAKANO S, UEMURA D, HIRATA Y, et al. Isolation and structure of two new amino acids, palythinol and palythene, from the zoanthid Palythoa tubercolosa [J]. Tetrahedron Letters, 1978, 19(49): 4909-4912.
42	SUN Y, HAN X, HU Z, et al. Extraction, isolation and characterization of mycosporine-like amino acids from four species of red macroalgae [J]. Marine Drugs, 2021, 19(11): 615.
43	ZHANG Z C, WANG K, HAO F H, et al. New types of ATP-grasp ligase are associated with the novel pathway for complicated mycosporine-like amino acid production in desiccation-tolerant cyanobacteria [J]. Environmental Microbiology, 2021, 23(11): 6420-6432.
44	FAVRE B J, PARRA S R, IQBAL H M N, et al. Bioinspired biomolecules: mycosporine-like amino acids and scytonemin from Lyngbya sp. with UV-protection potentialities [J]. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology Biology, 2019, 201: 11684.
45	OYAMADA C, KANENIWA M, EBITANI K, et al. Mycosporine-like amino acids extracted from scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) ovaries: UV protection and growth stimulation activities on human cells [J]. Marine Biotechnology, 2008, 10(2): 141-150.
46	ALVAREZ G F, KORBEE N, CASAS A V, et al. UV Photoprotection, cytotoxicity and immunology capacity of red algae extracts [J]. Molecules, 2019, 24(2): 341.
47	SUH S S, OH S K, LEE S G, et al. Porphyra-334, a mycosporine-like amino acid, attenuates UV-induced apoptosis in HaCaT cells [J]. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, 2017, 67(2): 257-264.
48	WADITEE S R, KAGEYAMA H. Protective effects of mycosporine-like amino acid-containing emulsions on UV-treated mouse ear tissue from the viewpoints of antioxidation and antiglycation [J]. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology Biology, 2021, 223: 112296.
49	ATHUKORALA Y, TRANG S, KWOK C, et al. Antiproliferative and antioxidant activities and mycosporine-like amino acid profiles of wild-harvested and cultivated edible canadian marine red macroalgae [J]. Molecules, 2016, 21(1): E119.
50	KIM S, YOU D H, HAN T, CHOI E M. Modulation of viability and apoptosis of UVB-exposed human keratinocyte HaCaT cells by aqueous methanol extract of laver (Porphyra yezoensis) [J]. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology, 2014, 141: 301-307.
51	BERTHON J Y, NACHAT K R, BEY M, et al. Marine algae as attractive source to skin care [J]. Free Radical Research, 2017, 51(6): 555-567.
52	CHOI S Y, LEE S Y, KIM H G, et al. Shinorine and porphyra-334 isolated from laver (Porphyra dentata) inhibit adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells [J]. Food Science and Biotechnology, 2022, 31(5): 617-625.
53	ADAMS N L, SHICK J M. Mycosporine‐like amino acids provide protection against ultraviolet radiation in eggs of the green sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis [J]. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 2008, 64(1): 149-158.
54	ADAMS N L, SHICK J M. Mycosporine-like amino acids prevent UVB-induced abnormalities during early development of the green sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis [J]. Marine Biology, 2001, 138: 267–280.
55	CARROLL A K, SHICK J M. Dietary accumulation of UV-absorbing mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) by the green sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) [J]. Marine Biology, 1996, 124: 561–569.
56	HU C, VOLLER G, SUSSMUTH R, et al. Functional assessment of mycosporine-like amino acids in Microcystis aeruginosa strain PCC 7806 [J]. Environmental Microbiology, 2015, 17(5): 1548-1559.
57	ZWERGER M, SCHWAIGER S, GANZERA M. Efficient isolation of mycosporine-Like amino acids from marine red algae by fast centrifugal partition chromatography [J]. Marine Drugs, 2022, 20(2): 106.
58	SHANG J L, ZHANG Z C, YIN X Y, et al. UV-B induced biosynthesis of a novel sunscreen compound in solar radiation and desiccation tolerant cyanobacteria [J]. Environmental Microbiology, 2018, 20(1): 200-213.
59	CHEN M, RUBIN G M, JIANG G, et al. Biosynthesis and heterologous production of mycosporine-like amino acid palythines [J]. Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2021, 86(16): 11160-11168.
60	BALSKUS E P, WALSH C T. The genetic and molecular basis for sunscreen biosynthesis in cyanobacteria [J]. Science 2010, 329(5999): 1653-1656.
61	DAGOSTINO P M, JAVALKOTE V S, MAZMOUZ R, et al. Comparative profiling and discovery of novel glycosylated mycosporine-like amino acids in two strains of the cyanobacterium Scytonema cf. crispum [J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2016, 82(19): 5951-5959.
62	WADITEE S R, KAGEYAMA H F, SOPUN W, et al. Identification and upregulation of biosynthetic genes required for accumulation of mycosporine-2-glycine under salt stress conditions in the halotolerant cyanobacterium Aphanothece halophytica [J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2014, 80(5): 1763-1769.
63	GAO Q, GARCIA P F. An ATP-grasp ligase involved in the last biosynthetic step of the iminomycosporine shinorine in Nostoc punctiforme ATCC 29133 [J]. Journal of Bacteriology, 2011, 193(21): 5923-5928.
64	BERNILLON J, BOUILLANT M L, PITTET J L, et al. Mycosporine glutamine and related mycosporines in the fungus Pyronema omphalodes [J]. Phytochemistry, 1984, 23(5): 1083-1087.
65	YUAN Y V, WESTCOTT N D, HU C, et al. Mycosporine-like amino acid composition of the edible red alga, Palmaria palmata (dulse) harvested from the west and east coasts of grand manan island, new brunswick [J]. Food Chemistry, 2009, 112(2): 321-328.
66	POPE M A, SPENCE E, SERALVO V, et al. O-methyltransferase is shared between the pentose phosphate and shikimate pathways and is essential for mycosporine-like amino acid biosynthesis in Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413 [J]. A European Journal of Chemical Biology, 2015, 16(2): 320-327.
67	李寅. 合成生物制造 [J]. 生物工程学报, 2022, 38(04): 1267-1294.
68	YANG G, COZAD M A, HOLLAND D A, et al. Photosynthetic production of sunscreen shinorineu using an engineered cyanobacterium [J]. ACS Synthetic Biology, 2018, 7(2): 664-671.
69	WEI L, WANG H, XU N, et al. Metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for L-cysteine production [J]. Microbial Cell Factories, 2019, 103(3): 1325-1338.
70	KIM S, PARK B G, JIN H, et al. Efficient production of natural sunscreens shinorine, porphyra-334, and mycosporine-2-glycine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae [J]. Metabolic Engineering, 2023, 78: 137-147.
71	YUNUS I S, HUDSON G A, CHEN Y, et al. Systematic engineering for production of anti-aging sunscreen compound in Pseudomonas putida [J]. Metabolic Engineering, 2024, 84: 69-82.
72	JIN H, KIM S, LEE D, et al. Efficient production of mycosporine-like amino acids, natural sunscreens, in Yarrowia lipolytica [J]. Biotechnol Biofuels Bioprod, 2023, 16(1): 162.
73	NGUYEN A DUC, HOANG TRUNG CHAU T, YEOL LEE E. Methanotrophic microbial cell factory platform for simultaneous conversion of methane and xylose to value-added chemicals [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2021, 420(2): 127632.
74	IN J S, LIM J M, JUNG S, et al. Production of porphyra-334 in transgenic lines of Nannochloropsis salina by the expression of mycosporine-like amino acid biosynthetic genes of P. yezoensis [J]. Journal of Applied Phycology, 2021, 33(3): 1663-1672.
75	TSUGE Y, KAWAGUCHI H, YAMAMOTO S, et al. Metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for production of sunscreen shinorine [J]. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 2018, 82(7): 1252-1259.
76	PARK S H, LEE K, JANG J W, et al. Metabolic Engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for production of shinorine, a sunscreen material, from xylose [J]. ACS Synthetic Biology, 2019, 8(2): 346-357.
77	JIN C, KIM S, MOON S, et al. Efficient production of shinorine, a natural sunscreen material, from glucose and xylose by deleting HXK2 encoding hexokinase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae [J]. FEMS Yeast Research, 2021, 21(7): foab053.
78	KIM S R, CHA M, KIM T, et al. Sustainable production of shinorine from lignocellulosic biomass by metabolically engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae [J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2022, 70(50): 15848-15858.
79	HENGARDI M T, LIANG C, MADIVANNAN K, et al. Reversing the directionality of reactions between non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway and glycolytic pathway boosts mycosporine-like amino acid production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae [J]. Microbial Cell Factories, 2024, 23(1): 121.
80	SINGH S P, KLISCH M, SINHA R P, et al. Genome mining of mycosporine-like amino acid (MAA) synthesizing and non-synthesizing cyanobacteria: a bioinformatics study [J]. Genomics, 2010, 95(2): 120-128.
81	XU R, ZHANG W, XI X, et al. Engineering sulfonate group donor regeneration systems to boost biosynthesis of sulfated compounds [J]. Nature Communications, 2023, 14(1): 7297.

菌株	基因	产物	参考文献
Nostoc linkia NIES-25	NIES25_64130-MysA NIES25_64140-MysB NIES25_64150-MysC NIES25_64160-MysD NIES25_64110-MysH	mycosporine-glycine palythine-serine shinorine and porphyra-334	[59]
Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413	Ava_3858-DDGS Ava_3857-O-MT Ava_3856-ATP-grasp Ava_3855-NRPS	shinorine	[60]
Cylindrospermum stagnale PCC7417	MysA MysB MysC2 MysC3 MysD	mycosporine-ornithine mycosporine-lysine	[43]
Scytonema cf.crispum UCFS10	UCFS10_04336 UCFS10_04337 UCFS10_04338 UCFS10_04339	mycosporine-glycine shinorine	[61]
N. flagelliforme CCNUN1	MysA MysB MysC2 MysC3 MysD	mycosporine-2-(4-deoxygadusolyl -ornithine) (M-2DO)	[43]
Aphanothece halophytica	Ap3858-DDGS Ap3857-O-MT Ap3855-ATP-grasp Ap3856-CNligase	mycosporine-2-glycine	[62]
N. punctiforme ATCC 29133	NpR5600-mysA NpR5599-mysB NpR5598-mysC NpR5597-mysD	mycosporine-2-glycine shinorine and porphyra-334	[63]

菌株	基因	产物	参考文献
Nostoc linkia NIES-25	NIES25_64130-MysA NIES25_64140-MysB NIES25_64150-MysC NIES25_64160-MysD NIES25_64110-MysH	mycosporine-glycine palythine-serine shinorine and porphyra-334	[59]
Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413	Ava_3858-DDGS Ava_3857-O-MT Ava_3856-ATP-grasp Ava_3855-NRPS	shinorine	[60]
Cylindrospermum stagnale PCC7417	MysA MysB MysC2 MysC3 MysD	mycosporine-ornithine mycosporine-lysine	[43]
Scytonema cf.crispum UCFS10	UCFS10_04336 UCFS10_04337 UCFS10_04338 UCFS10_04339	mycosporine-glycine shinorine	[61]
N. flagelliforme CCNUN1	MysA MysB MysC2 MysC3 MysD	mycosporine-2-(4-deoxygadusolyl -ornithine) (M-2DO)	[43]
Aphanothece halophytica	Ap3858-DDGS Ap3857-O-MT Ap3855-ATP-grasp Ap3856-CNligase	mycosporine-2-glycine	[62]
N. punctiforme ATCC 29133	NpR5600-mysA NpR5599-mysB NpR5598-mysC NpR5597-mysD	mycosporine-2-glycine shinorine and porphyra-334	[63]

Name	Host	Maximum Absorbance	Yield	reference
4-deoxygadusol	E. coli	268 nm	–	[60]
mycosporine-glycine	N. punctiforme	310 nm	–	[68]
shinorine	Synechocystis sp. and E. coli and Corynebacterium. glutamicum and Saccharomyces. cerevisiae and P. putida and Y. lipolytica and A. mirum and Streptomyces avermitilis M. alcaliphilum	333 nm	2.37 mg/L – 19 mg/L 1.6 g/L 900 mg/L 207 mg/L – 154 mg/L 17.1 mg/L	[68] [60] [69] [70] [71] [72] [16] [16] [73]
mycosporine-2-glycine	Saccharomyces. cerevisiae	332 nm	–	[70]
porphyra-334	E. coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Y. lipolytica and N. salina Streptomyces avermitilis	334 nm	– 1.2 g/L 42 mg/L 25 mg/g 7.2 mg/L	[59] [70] [72] [74] [16]
mycosporine-ornithine	E. coli	310 nm	–	[30]
mycosporine-lysine	E. coli	310 nm	–	[30]
Palythine	E. coli	320 nm	–	[59]

Name	Host	Maximum Absorbance	Yield	reference
4-deoxygadusol	E. coli	268 nm	–	[60]
mycosporine-glycine	N. punctiforme	310 nm	–	[68]
shinorine	Synechocystis sp. and E. coli and Corynebacterium. glutamicum and Saccharomyces. cerevisiae and P. putida and Y. lipolytica and A. mirum and Streptomyces avermitilis M. alcaliphilum	333 nm	2.37 mg/L – 19 mg/L 1.6 g/L 900 mg/L 207 mg/L – 154 mg/L 17.1 mg/L	[68] [60] [69] [70] [71] [72] [16] [16] [73]
mycosporine-2-glycine	Saccharomyces. cerevisiae	332 nm	–	[70]
porphyra-334	E. coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Y. lipolytica and N. salina Streptomyces avermitilis	334 nm	– 1.2 g/L 42 mg/L 25 mg/g 7.2 mg/L	[59] [70] [72] [74] [16]
mycosporine-ornithine	E. coli	310 nm	–	[30]
mycosporine-lysine	E. coli	310 nm	–	[30]
Palythine	E. coli	320 nm	–	[59]

[1]	Yu CHEN, Kang ZHANG, Yijing QIU, Caiyun CHENG, Jingjing YIN, Tianshun SONG, Jingjing XIE. Progress of microbial electrosynthesis for conversion of CO₂ [J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2024, 5(5): 1142-1168.
[2]	Haotian ZHENG, Chaofeng LI, Liangxu LIU, Jiawei WANG, Hengrun LI, Jun NI. Design, optimization and application of synthetic carbon-negative phototrophic community [J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2024, 5(5): 1189-1210.
[3]	Ziling CHEN, Yangfei XIANG. Integrated development of organoid technology and synthetic biology [J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2024, 5(4): 795-812.
[4]	Bingyu CAI, Xiangtian TAN, Wei LI. Advances in synthetic biology for engineering stem cell [J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2024, 5(4): 782-794.
[5]	Huang XIE, Yilei ZHENG, Yiting SU, Jingyi RUAN, Yongquan LI. An overview on reconstructing the biosynthetic system of actinomycetes for polyketides production [J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2024, 5(3): 612-630.
[6]	Wenlong ZHA, Lan BU, Jiachen ZI. Advances in synthetic biology for producing potent pharmaceutical ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine [J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2024, 5(3): 631-657.
[7]	Zhen HUI, Xiaoyu TANG. Applications of the CRISPR/Cas9 editing system in the study of microbial natural products [J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2024, 5(3): 658-671.
[8]	Xiaonan LIU, Jing LI, Xiaoxi ZHU, Zishuo XU, Jian QI, Huifeng JIANG. Research advances on paclitaxel biosynthesis [J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2024, 5(3): 527-547.
[9]	Xuejing MA, Chang GUO, Zhaolin HUA, Baidong HOU. Dawn of the rational design of nanoparticle vaccines aided by the advance of synthetic biology techniques [J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2024, 5(2): 353-368.
[10]	Busen WANG, Jinghan XU, Zhiqiang GAO, Lihua HOU. Advances in virus-vectored vaccines [J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2024, 5(2): 281-293.
[11]	Jinyong ZHANG, Jiang GU, Shan GUAN, Haibo LI, Hao ZENG, Quanming ZOU. Synthetic biology promotes the development of bacterial vaccines [J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2024, 5(2): 321-337.
[12]	Weifeng YUAN, Yongliang ZHAO, Zhixuan WU, Ke XU. Applications of synthetic biology in the development of SARS-CoV-2 broad-spectrum vaccines [J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2024, 5(2): 369-384.
[13]	Yanyan YUAN, Huifang CHEN, Sihui YANG, Honghui WANG, Zhou NIE. Engineering artificial receptor cluster: chemical synthetic biology strategies and emerging applications [J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2024, 5(1): 53-76.
[14]	Jingyu ZHAO, Jian ZHANG, Qingsheng QI, Qian WANG. Research progress in biosensors based on bacterial two-component systems [J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2024, 5(1): 38-52.
[15]	Qian MENG, Cong YIN, Weiren HUANG. Tumor organoids and their research progress in synthetic biology [J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2024, 5(1): 191-201.

Research advances on Mycosporine-like amino acids biosynthesis

防晒化合物类菌孢素氨基酸的生物合成

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 4

References 81

Related Articles 15

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments